Showing papers on "Valency published in 2010"

Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity

Abstract: 1. Introduction R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald 2. A typology of causatives: Form, syntax and meaning R. M. W. Dixon 3. Valency-changing derivation in Central Alaskan Yup'ik Marianne Mithun 4. Transitivity and valency-changing derivations in Motuna Masayuki Onishi 5. Transitivity in Tariana Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald 6. Voice and valency in the Athapaskan family Keren Rice 7. Valency-changing derivations in K'iche' Lyle Campbell 8. Valency-changing derivations in Dulong/Rawang Randy J. LaPolla 9. Valency-changing and valency-encoding devices in Amharic Mengistu Amberber 10. Complex verb collocations in Ngan'gityemerri: a non-derivational strategy for encoding valency alternations Nicholas Reid 11. Valency-changing derivations in Tsez Bernard Comrie 12. Creek voice: Beyond valency Jack Martin.

Mixed valency across hydrogen bonds.

Abstract: An oxo-centered triruthenium cluster with one pyridine-4-carboxylic acid ligand forms a mixed valence monoanionic dicarboxylic acid dimer upon partial reduction. Dimerization is not observed in DMSO or in the deprotonated carboxylate complex. Infrared spectroscopy reveals the mixed valence dimer as a charge localized species, and UV/vis/NIR spectroscopy suggests a large stabilization of the ground state by mixed valency across hydrogen bonds, on the order of 2500 cm(-1), or 7 kcal/mol, relative to the hydrogen bonded but isovalent fully reduced dimer. The stabilization is a combination of hydrogen bonding and electronic coupling.

Electronic reconstruction at n-type SrTiO3/LaAlO3 interfaces

Abstract: Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is used to investigate single layers of LaAlO3 grown on SrTiO3 having an n-type interface as well as multilayers of LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 in which both n- and p-type interfaces occur. Only minor changes in Ti valence at the n-type interface are observed. This finding seems to contradict earlier experiments for other SrTiO3/LaAlO3 systems where large deviations in Ti valency were assumed to be responsible for the conductivity of these interfaces. Ab initio calculations have been carried out in order to interpret our EELS results. Using the concept of Bader charges, it is demonstrated that the so-called polar discontinuity is mainly resolved by lattice distortions and to a far lesser extent by changes in valency for both single layer and multilayer geometries.

Full Valency. Verb Valency without Distinguishing Complements and Adjuncts

Abstract: The aim of the article is to introduce a new approach to verb valency analysis. This approach – full valency – observes properties of verbs which occur solely in actual language usage. The term “full valency” means that all arguments, without distinguishing complements (obligatory arguments governed by the verb) and adjuncts (optional arguments directly dependent on the predicate verb), are taken into account. Because of an expectation that full valency reflects some mechanism which governs verb behaviour in a language, hypotheses concerning (1) the distribution of full valency frames, (2) the relationship between the number of valency frames and the frequency of the verb, and (3) the relationship between the number of valency frames and verb length were tested empirically. To test the hypotheses, a Czech syntactically annotated corpus – the Prague Dependency Treebank – was used.

ADESSE, a Database with Syntactic and Semantic Annotation of a Corpus of Spanish

Abstract: This is an overall description of ADESSE (""Base de datos de verbos, Alternancias de Diatesis y Esquemas Sintactico-Semanticos del Espanol""), an online database (http://adesse.uvigo.es/) with syntactic and semantic information for all clauses in a corpus of Spanish. The manually annotated corpus has 1.5 million words, 159,000 clauses and 3,450 different verb lemmas. ADESSE is an expanded version of BDS (""Base de datos sintacticos del espanol actual""), which contains the grammatical features of verbs and verb-arguments in the corpus. ADESSE has added semantic features such as verb sense, verb class and semantic role of arguments to make possible a detailed syntactic and semantic corpus-based characterization of verb valency. Each verb entry in the database is described in terms of valency potential and valency realizations (diatheses). The former includes a set of semantic roles of participants in a particular event type and a classification into a conceptual hierarchy of process types. Valency realizations are described in terms of correspondences of voice, syntactic functions and categories, and semantic roles. Verbs senses are discriminated at two levels: a more abstract level linked to a valency potential, and more specific verb senses taking into account particular lexical instantiations of arguments.

Structure and Properties of Sr1−xCaxMn0.5Ru0.5O3 Perovskites: Using Chemical Pressure to Control Mn/Ru Mixed Valency

Abstract: The structure and properties of Sr1−xCaxRu0.5Mn0.5O3 compositions have been investigated. Both bond distances and X-ray absorption measurements reveal Mn3+ + Ru5+ ↔ Mn4+ + Ru4+ mixed valency across the entire series. Despite a complete lack of Ru/Mn chemical order, all samples magnetically order between 220 and 300 K. The characteristics and type of magnetic order are sensitive to the occupation and ordering of the Mn eg orbitals, which can be manipulated by changes in chemical pressure, via the Sr/Ca ratio. Sr-rich samples are tetragonally distorted by a cooperative Jahn−Teller distortion (CJTD) that leads to an elongation of the c-axis as well as antiphase rotations of the octahedra about the c-axis (a0a0c− tilt system). The CJTD results from orbital ordering involving occupied dz2 orbitals on Mn3+, which stabilize C-type antiferromagnetic order. For Sr-rich samples, the various oxidation states contribute in approximately equal proportions (i.e., Ru+4.5 and Mn+3.5). Substituting Ca2+ for Sr2+ triggers ...

Conformation of non‐aromatic ring compounds part 69: An electron diffraction study of gaseous cyclopentanone

Abstract: The gas-phase molecular structure of cyclopentanone has been investigated. Bond lengths, valency angles and amplitudes of skeletal vibrations have been determined and were found to be normal. The puckering of the five-membered ring, as given by Omax = = 37.2 (or q = 0.38 A), is less than in cyclopentane.

Positive pole active material, positive pole, and nonaqueous secondary cell

Abstract: A positive pole active material has a composition represented by the following general formula (1) ＬｉＦｅ １－ｘ Ｍ ｘ Ｐ １－ｙ Ｓｉ ｙ Ｏ ４ …（１） (where the average valency of the Fe is +2 or greater; M is an element having a valency of +2 or greater and is at least one selected from the group consisting of Zr, Sn, Y and Al; the valency of M and the average valency of Fe are different; ０＜ｘ≦０．５; andｙ＝ｘ × (valency of M – 2) + (１－ｘ)×(average valency of Fe – 2)) The resulting positive pole active material is excellent in terms of safety and cost, and is capable of providing a long-life cell

50 Jahre Valenztheorie und Dependenzgrammatik

Abstract: This article celebrates 50 years of dependency grammar and valency theory. The development of both theories is traced historically and an overview of current problems and possible future developments is given. Section 1 poses basic questions of dependency grammar, which derive from the syntactic theory of L. Tesniere: his innovative analysis, developed decades before Chomsky's Syntactic Structures and Greenberg's Universals of Language, not only combines syntactic autonomy with a functional grounding, but also contains a typological perspective. Section 2 sketches a modern version of valency theory, tracing the discussion since Tesniere's Elements de syntaxe structural and presenting much discussed topics such as the delimitation of complements from adjuncts and multi-dimensional valency models, but also more recent ideas such as typological-structural valency realisation, the interplay of construction and projection in the valency of polysemous verbs, semantic types of valency modification and historical valency change, i.e. the application of valency theory to non-standardised historical varieties. Section 3 addresses definitory problems of a pure dependency grammar, in particular criteria for establishing connexions between words and determining the regent (head), leading to a short comparison of the information contained in dependency and constituency representations. The article does not just take stock but in section 4 also develops ideas for the future development of syntactic theory by introducing constructionist elements into a projectionist framework and by adding the dimension of historical viability to synchronic syntactic theorising.

Mixed Valency and Magnetism in Cyanometallates and Prussian Blue Analogues

Abstract: Prussian blue (PB) is a well-known archetype of mixed valency systems. In magnetic PB analogues {CxAy[B(CN)6]z}.nH2O (C alkali cation, A and B transition metal ions) and other metallic cyanometalla...

The Pragmatics of Multi-Verb Sequences: The Case of the Verb Go

Abstract: The Pragmatics of Multi-Verb Sequences: The Case of the Verb Go This paper is an empirical investigation into the nature of multi-verb sequences in English. Multi-verb sequences such as V-to-VP and V-and-VP present a natural construction type of investigating recurring patterns of event sequences as conceived situations. This paper focuses on the image-schematic properties of both the go-to-VP construction and the go-and-VP construction to which previous accounts have paid little attention, and it demonstrates that the interpretation of the image-schemas has enhanced research. The go-to-VP and the go-and-VP constructions require different image schemas. With respect to the go-to-VP construction, the SOURCE-PATH-GOAL schema plays an important role; sometimes a compound image schema of that type are necessary. Specifically, the image-schematic properties of the first verb go are incorporated into the event structure of the second verb to allow the speaker to construe the event denoted by the second verb in accordance with the image-schematic meaning of the first verb go. Consequently, this paper offers a pragmatic and cognitive account of the two constructions respectively. Some results in a data-driven analysis in this paper also reinforce selected convincing explanations.

Dominant valency, end members, and reciprocal systems

Abstract: The rules of choosing names of minerals pertaining to solid solutions, including those forming reciprocal systems, are discussed. The dominant-valency rule suggested in 2008 is not sufficiently justified and cannot be recommended for use.

An experiment in verb valency frame extraction from Croatian Dependency Treebank

Abstract: The paper presents an approach to semi-automatic verb valency frame extraction from the Croatian Dependency Treebank. Our algorithm extracted 1923 verb valency frames for 594 different verbs. We discuss applicability of our method to semi-automatic verb valency lexicon creation and refinement, along with possibilities of utilizing it in the task of parsing Croatian texts.

Porous crystalline materials, their synthesis and use

Abstract: A porous crystalline material has a tetrahedral framework comprising a general structure, M'-IM-M2, wherein M1 comprises a metal having a first valency, wherein M2 comprises a metal having a second valency different from said first valency, and wherein IM is imidazolate or a substituted imidazolate linking moiety.

Verb Valency Enhanced Croatian Lexicon

Abstract: In this paper authors will show how verb valency data, added to the Croatian dictionary in NooJ, enhances recognition of VP as well as NP and PP parts of a sentence At the Department of Information Sciences two parallel PhD Theses were being developed One is construction of a chunker for Croatian using NooJ and the other one is construction of Croatian verb valency lexicon (CRVLLEX) Here we combined the two projects by adding the data from CRVLLEX to the existing NooJ dictionary hoping thus to obtain better, improved Croatian chunker results Our dictionary has over 36 000 entries of which 1 884 are verbs Each verb is only marked by its category and the FLX Additional data is being added from the CRVLLEX Theoretic motivation behind the construction of CRVLLEX is Praha’s Dependency Treebank (PDT) but also good Czech verb valency dictionaries (VALLEX and Verbalex) So far, CRVLLEX has 1 739 verbs with 5 118 valency frames (approx 3 frames per verb) and 173 syntactic-semantic classes Each word entry in CRVLLEX contains headword lemma, reflexivity example (depending whether the verb is reflexive or not) and frame entry which is the part that describes the valency frame for each verb Every verb also has the following attributes: aspect, frequency and form, which we hope will be of great importance in disambiguating parts of a sentence surrounding the verb

Extracting verb valency frames with Nooj

Abstract: The paper discusses the possibilities of describing verb valency on the basis of local grammars developed in the Nooj format. In this paper we use Nooj to describe the semantic and syntactic valency of app. 120 Croatian verbs belonging to the semantic field of consumation (e.g. eat, drink, devour, imbibe etc.).The whole semantic field, consisting of verbal lexical units is viewed as a single semantic frame. The approach relies on the theoretical background of frame semantics an is used in the development of the FrameNet. In such an approach the semantic valency of lexical units is described in terms of core and non-core elements characteristic for the whole frame. The level of syntax is observed as a level of realization or non-realization of conceptual arguments. As a starting point we use app. 40 sentence types consisting of morphosyntactic combinations possible in Croatian. For each sentence type a local grammar is built, with free word order taken into consideration. At the same time every lexical units is describeld in the Croatian Nooj dictionary. Each local grammar is applied to a corpus, and each occurence or non- occurences of lexical units in morphosyntactically annotated sentence types is analyzed. The obtained results show that certain verbs, although in terms of semantic valency all of them can intuitively be described as two argument verbs, are exclusively realized as one argument verbs on the syntactic level. Further results show the importance of non- core frame elements (e.g. means, company) for certain lexical units. The obtained results are further used for the refinement of verb frames in existing verb valency lexical of Croatian verbs and as a tool for distinguishing verb senses used in the development of the Croatian WordNet (CroWN).

There are only finitely many distance-regular graphs with valency k at least three, fixed ratio k2/k and large diameter

Abstract: In this paper, we show that for given positive integer C, there are only finitely many distance-regular graphs with valency k at least three, diameter D at least six and k2/k<=C. This extends a conjecture of Bannai and Ito.

Semantic role patterns and verb classes in verb valency lexicon

Abstract: For Czech language there is large valency frame lexicon: VerbaLex. It contains verbs, slots related to the verbs and information about semantic roles each slot plays. This paper discusses observations made on VerbaLex frames related to verb classification. It shows that for particular classes of verbs (e.g. verbs describing weather) some semantic role patterns are typical. It also tries to reveal these patterns in not so obvious cases. Currently, verb frames in VerbaLex are not interconnected. This paper outlines the way we can do such connections. We expect that verb frames of the same class or with the same semantic role patterns are semantically close and therefore propose similar types of interconnection. We expect to create relatively small set of inference rules that influence a large number of verb frames.

The representation of diatheses in the valency lexicon of Czech verbs

Abstract: In the present paper, we deal with diatheses in Czech from a lexicographic point of view. We propose a method of their description in the valency lexicon of Czech verbs VALLEX. We distinguish grammatical and semantic diatheses as two typologically different changes in verbal valency structure. In case of grammatical diatheses, these changes are regular enough to be described by formal syntactic rules. In contrast, the changes in valency structure of verbs associated with semantic diatheses vary even within one type of diathesis. Thus for the latter type, we propose to set separate valency frames corresponding to their members and to capture the changes in verbal valency structure by lexical rules based on an adequate lexical-semantic representation of verb meaning.

Transitivity Harmony in the Rawang Language of Northern Myanmar

Abstract: Among the Tibeto-Burman languages the importance of the marking of transitivity varies greatly, from transitivity not being a very useful concept at all to being extremely important to the understanding of the morphology of the language. In this paper an example of the latter type is discussed, the Rawang language of northern Myanmar (Burma). In this language all verbs are clearly distinguished (even in citation) in terms of transitivity by their morphology, and there are a number of different affixes for increasing or decreasing valency. A very interesting phenomenon related to the importance of transitivity differences that occurs in Rawang is the phenomenon of what I call “transitivity harmony”. All auxiliary verbs in this language are transitive, and when they appear with a transitive main verb, they simply follow that verb and the two verbs together take one set of transitive-marking morphology. If instead the main verb is intransitive, then the auxiliary verb must be made intransitive by the reflexive/middle voice suffix to harmonize with the intransitive verb. This pattern holds even when the main verb is overtly nominalized. Aside from establishing transitivity harmony as a typological phenomenon, this paper will also discuss some of the motivations for such a pattern of marking and its significance for understanding event profiling.

Valency-bond studies of some conjugated hydrocarbons - III: Calculations on heptalene†

Abstract: Valency-bond calculations on heptalene suggest that bond length alternation occurs in the ground state. Penney-Dirac bond orders have been determined.

Further Insights into Intermediate- and Mixed-Valency in Neptunium Oxoanion Compounds: Structure and Absorption Spectroscopy of K2 [(NpO2)3B10O16(OH)2 (NO3)2].

Abstract: The reaction of NpCl5 with molten H3BO3 in the presence of KNO3 and Th(NO3)3·5H2O (small amount of water, 220 °C, autoclave, 3 d) results in the formation of the new compound K2 [(NpO2)3B10O16(OH)2 (NO3)2].

Structure and isomers of cyclohexane derivatives

Abstract: The structure of cyclohexane derivatives has been investigated by means of atom models. The non-carbon-carbon valency directions are indicated by the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 1′, 2′, 3′, 4′, 5′, 6′. The various isomers to be derived are characterized by the valency directions of the substituted hydrogen atoms. In general, every isomer can appear in 8 transition forms, viz. 2 immovable forms and 6 easily interchangeable forms.

Using High-Quality Resources in NLP: The Valency Dictionary of English as a Resource for Left-Associative Grammars

Abstract: In Natural Language Processing (NLP), the quality of a system depends to a great extent on the quality of the linguistic resources it uses. One area where precise information is particularly needed is valency. The unpredictable character of valency properties requires a reliable source of information for syntactic and semantic analysis. There are several (electronic) dictionaries that provide the necessary information. One such dictionary that contains especially detailed valency descriptions is the Valency Dictionary of English. We will discuss how the Valency Dictionary of English in machine-readable form can be used as a resource for NLP. We will use valency descriptions that are freely available online via the Erlangen Valency Pattern Bank which contains most of the information from the printed dictionary. We will show that the valency data can be used for accurately parsing natural language with a rule-based approach by integrating it into a Left-Associative Grammar. The Valency Dictionary of English can therefore be regarded as being well suited for NLP purposes.