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Showing papers on "Valency published in 2011"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Surface reduction of ceria nano octahedra with predominant {111} and {100} type surfaces is studied using a combination of aberration-corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) at high energy resolution and atomic spatial resolution.
Abstract: Surface reduction of ceria nano octahedra with predominant {111} and {100} type surfaces is studied using a combination of aberration-corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) at high energy resolution and atomic spatial resolution. The valency of cerium ions at the surface of the nanoparticles is mapped using the fine structure of the Ce M4,5 edge as a fingerprint. The valency of the surface cerium ions is found to change from 4+ to 3+ owing to oxygen deficiency (vacancies) close to the surface. The thickness of this Ce3+ shell is measured using atomic-resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)-EELS mapping over a {111} surface (the predominant facet for this ceria morphology), {111} type surface island steps and {100} terminating planes. For the {111} facets and for {111} surface islands, the reduction shell is found to extend over a single fully reduced surface plane and 1–2 underlying mixed valency planes. For the {100} facets the reduction shell extends over a larger area of 5–6 oxygen vacancy-rich planes. This finding provides a plausible explanation for the higher catalytic activity of the {100} surface facets in ceria.

138 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the X-ray radiation induced conversion of rare-earth ions, especially Sm3+ to Sm2+, embedded in suitable media, and reported the results from these experiments.
Abstract: Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) is a synchrotron based technique for cancer treatment. During MRT tumours are irradiated with micro-planar arrays of synchrotron-generated X-rays. The quality assurance of such a technique depends on the accurate measurement of very high dose levels (>1000 Gy) together with a precise measurement of the dose distribution over a scale of a few microns. For such applications we need to have a high dynamic range, high-dose detector with very high spatial resolution. As part of the work towards the development of such a detector we have examined the X-ray radiation induced conversion of rare-earth ions, especially Sm3+ to Sm2+, embedded in suitable media. We have exposed a variety of Sm3+ doped media, from single crystals to glass-ceramics, to a high dose radiation at the Canadian Light Source to examine whether we could convert the rare-earth ion valency. The irradiation was carried out at a bending magnet beamline using filtered white beam with a spectrum peaking at 50 keV. We have used the distinctly different signatures in the photoluminescence emission spectra of the two valency states to identify the rare-earth ions and whether a valency conversion has taken place. We report the results from these experiments, which show that the conversion of Sm3+ to Sm2+ is not universal and depends very much on the host material. We discuss possible reasons for the presence and lack of radiation induced valency conversion of Sm-ions, and identify the challenges that must be overcome to develop a high-resolution, high-dose detector. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper argued that the amount of item-specificity to be observed in language must be accounted for in a theory of complementation and that generalizations concerning parallels between semantic properties of verbs and their occurrence in particular valency patterns must be treated with a certain degree of caution.
Abstract: This article outlines why valency theory and Goldberg's theory of argument structure constructions should be combined. In the light of empirical valency research it is argued that the amount of item-specificity to be observed in language must be accounted for in a theory of complementation and that generalizations concerning parallels between semantic properties of verbs and their occurrence in particular valency patterns must be treated with a certain degree of caution. It is suggested that one way of combining the two approaches is to make use of specific formal categories and to introduce a valency realisation principle in a theory of argument structure constructions.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of mass, valencies, and size of the cations on the Raman spectra versus composition was examined for the observed modes, and it was shown that the A cation plays the dominant role in determining the mode shift.
Abstract: Room-temperature-polarized single-crystal Raman spectra have been measured for both GdAlO3 and YAlO3. Both aluminates crystallize in the orthorhombic (Pbnm) perovskite structure. Of the 24 possible Raman modes in 4 symmetries, 20 and 17 modes were observed for gadolinium and yttrium aluminates, respectively. Comparisons of the Raman spectra of these two aluminates to those of 28 other orthorhombic ABO3 perovskites revealed remarkably similar spectral patterns, regardless of chemistry or valency of the cations. Closer examination of the effect of mass, valencies, and size of the cations on the Raman spectra versus composition revealed that for the observed modes, the A cation plays the dominant role in determining the Raman shift. In particular, the one to two lowest energy modes in each symmetry are determined by cation mass and valency no matter what the chemistry. For some perovskites with common A cations, higher energy modes were also strikingly similar. In particular, the calcium perovskites had almost all Ag modes at the same energies despite the greatly varying B cations. The second to the lowest mode in Ag and B1g depended only on A cation mass for all perovskites. The volume plays a minor role throughout but is hard to separate from mass effects because the most massive cations are also the largest. However, if the B-cation is common, for example, aluminates or ferrites, the volume has a minor effect on the higher energy modes. These trends were not observed for all perovskites. Notable exceptions were found if a perovskite is near a phase transition or metastable, as found for three manganites. The effect of increased valency of the A cation from 2–4 to 3–3 perovskites expresses itself as relatively larger Raman shifts for the lowest energy modes. Analog studies of MgSiO3 perovskites should be undertaken with only 2–4 perovskites. The increased understanding for the mode distributions of perovskites allows for better estimates of their thermodynamic properties through vibrational modeling.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argued for the adoption of a construction-based perspective to the investigation of diachronic shifts in valency, which is a hitherto largely neglected topic in the framework of valency grammar.
Abstract: This paper argues for the adoption of a construction-based perspective to the investigation of diachronic shifts in valency, which is a hitherto largely neglected topic in the framework of valency grammar. On the basis of a comparison of the set of verbs attested in the double object argument structure pattern in a corpus of 18th-century British English with the construction's present-day semantic range, I will distinguish between three kinds of valency shifts. It will be shown that the semantic ranges of schematic argument structure constructions are subject to diachronic change, and that the shifts in valency observed in individual verbs are often part of more general changes at the level of the associated argument structure constructions. The latter part of the paper explores frequency shifts in valency and constructional semantics.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Haitao Liu1
TL;DR: The results show the number of variants of English verbs follows the positive negative binomial distribution; the complementation patterns of verbs and adjectives in English follow a power law, while that of nouns obeys the Zipf-Mandelbrot distribution; and the greater the valency of a verb, the shorter the verb is.
Abstract: With the frequency data from the British National Corpus (BNC) and the valency information in the Valency Dictionary of English, the paper investigates quantitative properties of English verb valency. The results show: (1) the number of variants of English verbs follows the positive negative binomial distribution; (2) the complementation patterns of verbs and adjectives in English follow a power law, while that of nouns obeys the Zipf-Mandelbrot distribution; (3) the greater the valency of a verb, the shorter the verb is; (4) in comparison with less frequent verbs, the frequent ones have greater valency; (5) the greater the polysemy of a word, the greater its valency is.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that neither analogy nor semantic rules can sufficiently account for verb complementation patterns, which underlines the importance of the role of storage or memorization of valency patterns in combination with the verb as the valency carrier.
Abstract: In this paper it will be shown that neither analogy nor semantic rules can sufficiently account for verb complementation patterns. Summarizing the results of a large-scale corpus-based study (Faulhaber 2011), the author provides evidence for various syntactic gaps which are idiosyncratic and cannot be deduced by speakers on the basis of their semantic knowledge of the verb itself nor their knowledge of semantically similar verbs, which underlines the importance of the role of storage or memorization of valency patterns in combination with the verb as the valency carrier.

13 citations


Dissertation
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: Burggraff et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed verb patterns within the primary clauses of the Pauline corpus to reveal the structure of the New Testament Jetter tradition of ancient Greek letters.
Abstract: A Corpus-Linguistic Verb Analysis of the Pauline Letters: The Contribution of Verb Patterns to Pauline Letter Structure Philip D. Burggraff McMaster Divinity College Hamilton, Ontario Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 This dissertation addresses the question of whether the empirical data gathered from an analysis of verb categories within the primary clauses of the Pauline corpus reveals letter structure. It begins with a discussion of the classification and structuring of the ancient Greek letter, with focus on the New Testament Jetter tradition. It shows that no real consensus has been reached concerning the classification and structure of ancient letters, especially the New Testament letters. This lack of consensus serves as the impetus for attempting a different approach for the description of Pauline letter structure. After providing a brief description and history of corpus linguistics and its application to New Testament studies, a corpus linguistic application similar to one presented by Douglas Biber is suggested to analyze the verb patterns within the Pauline letter corpus. This is accomplished by analyzing and describing the patterns revealed in each of the letters of the Pauline corpus and then comparing them with attempts made within Greek texts, Bible translations, and commentaries at structuring the letters. This analysis not only reveals verbal patterns but also discovers other key features found within the primary clauses that seem to contribute to the structure of the letters, such as conjunctions,

11 citations



29 Apr 2011

9 citations



Proceedings Article
23 Jun 2011
TL;DR: This paper presents a lexical representation of the light verb ha 'do' used in two types of Korean light verb constructions (LVCs), and suggests that some Korean common nouns have their associated predicate information in their lexical entries that provide an appropriate predicate meaning to the light verbs.
Abstract: In this paper, I present a lexical representation of the light verb ha 'do' used in two types of Korean light verb constructions (LVCs). These two types of the constructions have the typical theoretical and implementation problems as multiword expressions (MWEs): lexical proliferation of the possible light verb senses in the lexicon, potential overgeneration of ill-formed LVCs, and the semantic compositionality issue. Adopting and adapting the idea of qualia structure (Pustejovsky, 1991) into a typed-feature structure grammar (Copestake, 1993; Copestake, 2002; Sag et al., 2003), I suggest that some Korean common nouns have their associated predicate information in their lexical entries (e.g., the predicate meaning cook is included in the lexical entry of the common noun pap 'rice'). Thus such common nouns provide an appropriate predicate meaning to the light verb. The lexical constraints on the light verb and common nouns, and relevant phrase structure rules allow me to capture the generalizations and idiosyncrasies regarding LVCs in a systematic way.

Patent
24 Mar 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the perovskite-type oxide film is formed on a substrate 10, and has a thickness of ≥5 μm, and contains a pervskite type oxide represented by formula (P): (K, A, B)(Nb, C, D)O(wherein 01.2
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a potassium niobate mix crystal-based perovskite-type oxide thick film exhibiting less compositional deviation and good crystallinity for a piezoelectric device.SOLUTION: The perovskite-type oxide film 1 is formed on a substrate 10, and has a thickness of ≥5 μm, and contains a perovskite-type oxide represented by formula (P): (K, A, B)(Nb, C, D)O(wherein 0

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a single crystal X-ray diffraction data was used to discuss deviations from ideal stoichiometry that result in electronic conductivity presumably related to mixed valency of tellurium.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the relationship between morphology and valency changing devices, and the role that valency-changing devices have in determining the primary valency of a verb in the language.
Abstract: Longgu (Southeast Solomonic) provides an example of the complexity of transitivity in Oceanic languages. This paper outlines the challenges of describing the relationship between morphology and valency-changing devices, and the role that valency-changing devices have in determining the primary valency of a verb in the language. It argues for the need to treat transitivity as an integrated whole, and shows that while subclasses of verbs can be established without regard to morphology, a much fuller understanding is gained through investigating the functions of the verbal morphology. These functions are linked to the semantic transitivity of the clause as well as to valency-changing

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the valence behavior of rare-earth ions, in particular Eu-ions, in a cubic intermetallic compound Ce 0.5 Pd 3 B 0.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, single crystals of CeIVRhIII2O5 were grown from a mixture of CeO2 and Rh2O3 using a 2:1 mixture of PbO and V 2O5 as a flux.
Abstract: Single crystals of CeIVRhIII2O5 are grown from a mixture of CeO2 and Rh2O3 using a 2:1 mixture of PbO and V2O5 as a flux (alumina crucible, 1373 K, 10 h).


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the direction and amount of charge transfer in Europium chalcogenides are inferred by plotting and comparing the structure factors of the components, and the charge transfer parameter is 0.29 electron from Eu to S which confirms the intermediate valence fluctuation.
Abstract: Europium chalcogenides receive greater interest because of their interesting properties such as valence transition, semiconductor to metallic transition and structural phase transition etc. In this paper, the charge transfer in Europium Sulphide (EuS) is analyzed by experimental and theoretical X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. The direction and amount of charge transfer are inferred by plotting and comparing the structure factors of the components. The charge transfer parameter thus obtained is 0.29 electron from Eu to S which confirms the intermediate valence fluctuation. Further, the charge transfer in EuS, EuSe and EuTe, is found to be decreasing with the increase of lattice constant and energy gap which correlates the valency and lattice size.