Showing papers on "Valency published in 2015"
TL;DR: Examining whether speakers of a verb-medial language (English) wait to consult verb transitivity information before constructing filler-gap dependencies finds evidence for reading disruption when the verb was intransitive, although no such reading difficulty was observed when the critical verb was embedded inside a syntactic island structure, which blocks filler- gap dependency completion.
Abstract: Much work has demonstrated that speakers of verb-final languages are able to construct rich syntactic representations in advance of verb information. This may reflect general architectural properties of the language processor, or it may only reflect a language-specific adaptation to the demands of verb-finality. The present study addresses this issue by examining whether speakers of a verb-medial language (English) wait to consult verb transitivity information before constructing filler-gap dependencies, where internal arguments are fronted and hence precede the verb. This configuration makes it possible to investigate whether the parser actively makes representational commitments on the gap position before verb transitivity information becomes available. A key prediction of the view that rich pre-verbal structure building is a general architectural property is that speakers of verb-medial languages should predictively construct dependencies in advance of verb transitivity information, and therefore that disruption should be observed when the verb has intransitive subcategorization frames that are incompatible with the predicted structure. In three reading experiments (self-paced and eye-tracking) that manipulated verb transitivity, we found evidence for reading disruption when the verb was intransitive, although no such reading difficulty was observed when the critical verb was embedded inside a syntactic island structure, which blocks filler-gap dependency completion. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that in English, as in verb-final languages, information from preverbal noun phrases is sufficient to trigger active dependency completion without having access to verb transitivity information.
61 citations
28 Aug 2015
TL;DR: A broad semantic dichotomy is introduced that encompasses many existing verb classes and is considered for crosslinguistic studies of verb classes, such as the ones being carried out by the Valency Classes Project, through a case study of the argument realization options of hitting verbs.
Abstract: Any attempt to characterize valency patterns within and across languages confronts the phenomenon of verb or valency classes: sets of semantically-related verbs sharing a range of linguistic properties, such as the possible realizations of their arguments and the particular interpretation associated with each possible argument realization. The Leipzig Valency Classes Project provides an excellent context for deepening our understanding of verb classes and, specifically, investigating a big question raised by efforts to classify verbs: which facets of verb classification are universal and which language particular? I begin this paper by reviewing the motivations for recognizing verb classes. With this background, I introduce a broad semantic dichotomy that encompasses many existing verb classes and show its grammatical relevance. I then consider its implications for crosslinguistic studies of verb classes, such as the ones that are being carried out by the Valency Classes Project, through a case study of the argument realization options of hitting verbs.
21 citations
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TL;DR: It is proved that either i½? is 2-arc transitive or the valency p satisfies pi¾?1mod4, and for each such prime there is a unique graph with this property: it is a nonbipartite antipodal double cover of the complete graph Kp+1 with automorphism group PSL2,p×Z2 and diameter 3.2.
Abstract: We classify non-complete prime valency graphs satisfying the property that their automorphism group is transitive on both the set of arcs and the set of $2$-geodesics. We prove that either $\Gamma$ is 2-arc transitive or the valency $p$ satisfies $p\equiv 1\pmod 4$, and for each such prime there is a unique graph with this property: it is a non-bipartite antipodal double cover of the complete graph $K_{p+1}$ with automorphism group $PSL(2,p)\times Z_2$ and diameter 3.
19 citations
28 Jan 2015
17 citations
TL;DR: This paper showed that stem vowel patterns in strong and corresponding weak verbs as well as umlaut alternations in verb derivation are systematically involved in valency oppositions and are both directed.
Abstract: Basic Valence Orientation has been suggested as a typological para- meter by Nichols, Peterson, & Barnes (2004). Generalising over the entire lexicon, the idea is that languages can be distinguished as transitivising or detransitivis- ing, depending on whether their verbs are basically intransitive or transitive and the opposite valency values require some means of derivation, such as causativi- sation or decausativisation. Whereas derivedness among valency opposites is assessed through easy-to-spot overt segmental morphological or syntactic markers by Nichols et al. (2004), we argue that PHONOLOGICAL alternations, on their own or attendant upon conjugation class switches between intransitives and transitives, can be as directed as derivations are which are implemented through adding segmental markers. Illustrating from German, we show that stem vowel patterns in strong and corresponding weak verbs (with the former expressing inflectional categories through ablaut) as well as umlaut alternations in verb derivation are systematically involved in valency oppositions and are both directed. Thus, German emerges as being typologically mixed, being strongly transitivising on the grounds of such asymmetric formal patterns, while also showing (as observed by Nichols et al. 2004) a detransitivising or indeterminate disposition through syntactic "middle" marking or verb lability. This typological result is also of diachronic significance, insofar as the older transitivising inclination is seen to have been remarkably pertinacious, long surviving the loss of the affixal valency- increasing morphology of Common Germanic and able to hold its own against more recent detransitivising competition.
17 citations
19 Feb 2015
16 citations
01 Jul 2015
TL;DR: On the disambiguation task, the implicit tensor factorization method outperforms previous state-ofthe-art methods and the experimental results show that adjuncts provide useful information in learning the meanings of verb phrases.
Abstract: We present an implicit tensor factorization method for learning the embeddings of transitive verb phrases. Unlike the implicit matrix factorization methods recently proposed for learning word embeddings, our method directly models the interaction between predicates and their two arguments, and learns verb phrase embeddings. By representing transitive verbs as matrices, our method captures multiple meanings of transitive verbs and disambiguates them taking their arguments into account. We evaluate our method on a widely-used verb disambiguation task and three phrase similarity tasks. On the disambiguation task, our method outperforms previous state-ofthe-art methods. Our experimental results also show that adjuncts provide useful information in learning the meanings of verb phrases.
16 citations
TL;DR: The structure of a planar electric double layer formed by a 2:2 valency dimer electrolyte in the vicinity of a uniformly charged planar hard electrode is investigated using density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations.
TL;DR: In this article, a planar electric double layer with anisotropic-shaped ions having asymmetric valencies was modeled and Monte Carlo simulation results were obtained for 2:1/1:2 valency asymmetry in the electrolyte solution regime at room temperature.
Abstract: Canonical and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation results are reported for the structure of a planar electric double layer containing anisotropic-shaped ions having asymmetric valencies. The model double layer consists of an electrolyte formed by a mixture of charged dimers and charged hard spheres in a dielectric continuum next to a uniformly charged, non-polarisable, planar hard electrode. A dimer is made of two tangentially touching equi-sized hard spheres one of which is positively charged and the other neutral, while the monomer rigid ion of the same size is negatively charged. Results for the electrode-ion, electrode-neutral sphere singlet distributions, and the mean electrostatic potential are obtained for 2:1/1:2 valency asymmetry in the electrolyte solution regime at room temperature, and at a given electrolyte concentration for a series of electrode surface charge densities. Valency asymmetry coupled with anisotropic ion shape leads to a richer double-layer structure than seen previously with...
14 Sep 2015
TL;DR: Chintang [ˈts̻ ̻h iɳʈaŋ] (ISO639.3: ctn) is a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal that is named the village where it is mainly spoken, and there are two major dialects, but differences between them concernmorphology and the lexicon but, as far as the authors know, not syntax, and so it will not distinguish between dialects in this chapter.
Abstract: Chintang [ˈts̻ ̻h iɳʈaŋ] (ISO639.3: ctn) is a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal. It is named aer the village where it is mainly spoken. e village lies in the hills of Eastern Nepal, bigger cities within day’s reach being Dhankuṭā and Dharān. ere are no official data on the number of speakers, but we estimate there to be around 4,000 5,000 speakers. Most speakers are bior trilingual, with Nepali (the Indo-Aryan lingua franca of Nepal) as one and Bantawa (a related Sino-Tibetan language) as the other additional language. Monolingual speakers are still to be found mainly among elderly women, whereas a considerable portion of the younger generation is rapidly shiing to Nepali. Genealogically, Chintang belongs to the Kiranti group. e Kiranti languages are generally accepted to belong to the large Sino-Tibetan (or Tibeto-Burman) family, although their position within this family is controversial (cf. e.g. urgood 2003, Ebert 2003). Based on phonological evidence, Chintang belongs to the Eastern subgroup of Kiranti (Bickel et al. 2010). ere are two major dialects (Mulgaũ and Sambugaũ) named aer the areas where they are spoken. e differences between them concernmorphology and the lexicon but, as far as we know, not syntax, and so we will not distinguish between dialects in this chapter. For all examples the source has been marked behind the translation. Wherever possible, we take data from the Chintang Language Corpus (Bickel et al. 2011), limiting ourselves to uerances by fully fluent adults.1
TL;DR: A modern version of Lewis's theory of valency is presented in this article, which takes account of the results of quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules, including polar covalent bonds, hypervalency, coordinate bonds, nonintegral bonds, oxo-anions, variable valency among transition elements, and nonclassical compounds.
Abstract: A modern version of Lewis’s theory of valency is presented. This takes account of the results of quantum–mechanical calculations on molecules. Topics covered are polar covalent bonds, hypervalency, coordinate bonds, nonintegral bonds, oxo-anions, variable valency among transition elements, and nonclassical compounds. A distinction is drawn between the valence shell of an atom and the Lewis shell. The concept of a fractional bond pair is presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, first-principles calculations within the DFT were employed to investigate the relationship between the electronic structure and the unexpected features of the hexagonal cell parameters of YbAuIn and.
Abstract: First-principles calculations within the DFT are employed to investigate the relationship between the electronic structure and the unexpected features of the hexagonal cell parameters of YbAuIn and . Calculations indicate that YbAuIn is an intermediate valent system with one Yb 4f state pinned to the Fermi level, while is closer to integer valency with all Yb 4f states occupied. Structural relaxations performed on LaAuIn and LuAuIn analogues reveal that expansion of the c-parameter in is attributable to larger size of the divalent Yb compared with intermediate valent Yb.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that there are infinitely many 3-geodesic transitive but not 3-arc transitive graphs of girth with arbitrarily large diameter and valency.
Abstract: In this paper, we first prove that for , there are infinitely many 3-geodesic transitive but not 3-arc transitive graphs of girth with arbitrarily large diameter and valency. Then we classify the family of 3-geodesic transitive but not 3-arc transitive graphs of valency 3 and those of valency 4 and girth 4.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied non-bipartite distance-regular graphs with valency k and smallest eigenvalue at most -k/2, where k is the number of vertices in the graph.
Abstract: In this paper, we study the non-bipartite distance-regular graphs with valency k and having a smallest eigenvalue at most -k/2.
01 Jan 2015