Valency

About: Valency is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1632 publications have been published within this topic receiving 26141 citations.

Fluid planar lipid layer-based membrane-anchored ligand system with defined ligand valency and methods of use thereof

Abstract: Fluid planar lipid layer-based membrane-anchored ligand systems with defined ligand valency and methods of use thereof are provided.

On Valency Problems of Saxl Graphs.

Abstract: Let $G$ be a permutation group on a set $\Omega$ and recall that a base for $G$ is a subset of $\Omega$ such that its pointwise stabiliser is trivial. In a recent paper, Burness and Giudici introduced the Saxl graph of $G$, denoted $\Sigma(G)$, with vertex set $\Omega$ and two vertices adjacent if they form a base. If $G$ is transitive, then $\Sigma(G)$ is vertex-transitive and it is natural to consider its valency (which we refer to as the valency of $G$). In this paper we present a general method for computing the valency of any finite transitive group and we use it to calculate the exact valency of every primitive group with stabiliser a Frobenius group with cyclic kernel. As an application, we calculate the valency of every almost simple primitive group with an alternating socle and soluble stabiliser and we use this to extend results of Burness and Giudici on almost simple primitive groups with prime-power or odd valency.

Formation of solid-state laser crystal thin film and device for forming solid-state laser crystal thin film

Abstract: PURPOSE:To produce the solid-state laser crystal thin film by heating a substrate in a high-vacuum vessel, supplying a material for forming a laser base material to a substrate surface to grow crystals, simultaneously supplying an active ion species material to the substrate surface and controlling the valency of this active ion species material to the same valency as the valency of the metal ions constituting the crystals of the 'laser base material. CONSTITUTION:The substrate 100 (e.g. alpha-Al2O3) is heated by a halogen lamp 26 in the vessel 10 under a high vacuum and the material (e.g. Al2O3) forming the laser base material is supplied as gas, metal alone or ion or metal compd. to the substrate surface from communicating pipes 12, 14 to grow the crystals on the substrate surface. Further, the active ion species material (e.g. Ti) is supplied from a communicating pipe 16 to the substrate surface simultaneously with the supply of the metal alone or the ions or the metal compd. and the valency of the active ion species material is controlled to the same valency as the valency of the metal ions constituting the crystals of the laser base material. Consequently, the solid-state laser crystal thin film is produced by using the technique like a semiconductor production process.

The Influence of Salts with Different Cation Valency on Oil-in-Water Emulsion Stability

Abstract: The effect of different emulsion preparation parameters on the stability of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions has been studied by varying the preparation parameters and then observing the emulsion visually. Change in the turbidity of an emulsion indicated instability, and the formation of a dense layer on the top of the emulsion suggested that creaming had commenced. The creaming rate was diminishing with increasing mixing frequency, mixing time and oil phase density. The study was limited by foam build-up, as the unwanted foam made it necessary to keep mixing frequency and surfactant amount to a minimum. The influence of diluted salts of different valencies on the stability of o/w emulsions has been investigated by measuring the zeta potential of emulsions with varying electrolyte concentration and electrolyte cation valency. The destabilising effect of adding divalent Ca2+ was stronger than that of Na+, which was observed by the difference in electrolyte concentration required to reduce the absolute value of zeta potential. This strongly implies that the higher valency of Ca2+ more readily contributes to a compression of the electrical double layer than does Na+. Contrary to expectations, the addition of trivalent Al and Fe3+ was not observed to affect the stability. It was concluded that this deviation from theory was due to experimental limitations. A new method for droplet size characterisation and oil profile for w/o emulsions with low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been developed and tested for o/w emulsions in collaboration with the NMR supplier, Antek AS. Implementation of a convection compensating sequence by Antek AS was successful. The new procedure makes it possible to retrieve quantitative data on the droplet size and oil profile of an o/w emulsion over time, which can provide good insight into emulsion stability.