Value engineering

About: Value engineering is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1231 publications have been published within this topic receiving 10882 citations. The topic is also known as: VE.

Concepts and techniques for summarizing defense system costs

Abstract: : Some techniques used to summarize total costs employed in systems analyses are classified, described, and compared. Their respective advantages and disadvantages are given, and some implications of each are brought out. Five cost-summarizing techniques are selected and distinctions between them are based on common usage. The procedures are termed: Five-Year System Cost, period outlay, net cost, present cost, annual cost. Necessary to their discussion is an understanding of the major types and general content of defense system cost analyses, the concept of remaining value, and the principle that money has time value. A brief section on each of these subjects with appropriate references precedes the discussion of the methods for summarizing costs.

The role of value engineering in reducing the costs of constructing governmental housing.

Abstract: The research reviews the concept of governmental housing in Egypt, its types and development, and the most important challenges facing the state to provide housing units of high quality at reasonable prices that meet the needs and aspirations of users, and identify the most important design requirements for the housing unit by reviewing the design standards according to the unified Egyptian building law to ensure that housing projects meet the needs of users. Identify the value engineering methodology and the importance of its application to various government housing projects, due to its significant impacts on the level of performance, cost and quality, and the importance of the architect and decision-makers familiarizing themselves with its steps to follow this approach and its application to control quality and reduce the costs of establishing governmental housing projects from the beginning of the initial idea of the project to the implementation and maintenance . The use of computer applications to provide a tool in the form of a computer program that helps architects and those concerned to apply the value engineering approach, with the aim of reducing the costs of establishing government housing projects, taking into account the design standards and quality required for those projects. Applying the computer program to one of the designs of the governmental housing project by analyzing and evaluating the architectural design of the housing units in terms of the total area in order to reduce the wasted spaces inside the unit and its impact on reducing construction costs without compromising quality standards and then drawing conclusions and recommendations. Rapid urban growth in many developing countries has led to many problems (economic, social, health, security,...) in the absence of governments to meet the needs of citizens for housing, so slums appeared that lack the necessary services such as electricity, clean drinking water and sewage networks, Crime rates have also increased and environmental health has deteriorated in these areas. In April 2002, the United Nations Program on Housing Rights emerged as a joint initiative between UN-Habitat and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, which focused on governments' focus on taking appropriate measures to promote, protect and guarantee the right to adequate housing. In 2008, UN-Habitat declared that the development objective of the United Nations Program on Housing Rights is the right to adequate housing by trying to consider the affordability and accessibility of housing, and to support and enable housing reform and sustainability. Therefore, governments faced great challenges in how to provide adequate low-cost housing to meet the needs of users of all categories, the Egyptian government worked to provide a huge number of housing units to meet the increasing of population, it represented a huge burden on the state budget due to the increase in prices of building and construction materials. The value engineering methodology appeared nearly twenty years ago, and during this relatively small period, this technology was able to achieve impressive success in achieving great financial savings, which encouraged researchers and specialists in the field of construction management to study this technology and study how to apply it to various projects, the United States of America occupied the first place in the application of value engineering, while Japan occupied the second place, followed directly by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Dr. Jacqueline Fahmy, Head of the Eastern Mediterranean and Africa Regional Branch for Safe International, the American Society for Value Engineering, confirmed on the sidelines of the third value engineering conference that applies the value engineering methodology in Egypt, if the value engineering especially used in Egypt, will reduce the costs of real estate projects by up to 30% without compromising the quality and reducing the price per m2 of projects, the application of the methodology will lead to savings in the costs of governmental housing projects. The problem: We find that many of those concerned with providing housing, including architects, stakeholders and decision makers, lack the importance of applying the value engineering methodology in the field of governmental housing, which works to reduce the cost of constructing housing units in a way that does not affect the design standards, quality and needs of users of all categories, and helps the state to provide the largest possible number of sustainable housing units to meet the needs of citizens. Objectives: Providing a mechanism that helps architects and decision-makers in the field of housing by applying the value engineering methodology with the aim of reducing the costs of establishing governmental housing projects without compromising architectural design standards and quality, and thus helping the state to provide the largest number of housing units for eligible groups. Methodology: To achieve this goal, the research followed the deductive methodology to present the value engineering methodology, its concepts and definitions, the concepts of costs and their relationship to the different stages of the project, and how to benefit from this approach in governmental housing projects, and a review of the Egyptian building law that defines the design standards for housing units. Then the research used the inductive methodology in order to take advantage of computer applications in providing a suggested mechanism that helps architects to apply the value engineering methodology in order to reduce wasted spaces within the housing unit. Then the research followed the experimental method by applying the proposed computer program to one of the horizontal planes of a governmental housing model to evaluate the proposed mechanism by studying the spaces of the architectural spaces of the housing unit, and how to help the proposed mechanism to reduce wasted spaces and thus reduce construction costs and optimal utilization of resources. Results: that the proposed mechanism processed the entered data, whereby the unit area was reduced by 15%, equivalent to 21.27 m2, so that the total area of the housing unit became 118.73 m2 instead of 140 m2 after deleting unnecessary spaces, while maintaining the design standards of the housing unit. - the mechanism made the most recent modifications in the dimensions of the architectural spaces of the unit, and thus it was modified in the architectural design. -By entering the cost of constructing a flat meter = 3200 EGP, as well as entering the number of units in each floor, and the number of floors of the residential architecture, the program calculated the value of savings by creating housing units in the unit architecture, meaning that the unneeded costs were deleted. -Where the amount of 68,071.16 pounds was removed from the cost of constructing the housing unit, which represents unnecessary costs, and the total savings in the construction of one residential building became about 1,633,707.94 pounds. -Thus, the value engineering methodology was applied by eliminating unnecessary costs without affecting the required design and quality standards. - Reducing the area of the housing unit respected the design requirements of the Egyptian Building Law, and thus took into account the fulfillment of users' requirements. - the use of the proposed mechanism will help the architectural designer to reduce wasted and unnecessary spaces, and thus the optimal use of building lands through the application of the value engineering approach. - Reducing the wasted space in the housing unit will reduce construction costs and consumption of building materials, thus reducing the rate of environmental pollution and achieving the concept of sustainability. - By applying the value engineering approach from the beginning of the design idea, it will help reduce the costs of establishing housing projects by eliminating unnecessary costs, and thus will help the state to establish the largest number of housing units to meet the needs of citizens and help solve the housing problem. - The state must adopt the application of the value engineering methodology in all projects, especially housing projects, with the aim of reducing unnecessary costs and improving resource utilization.

History Of Value Engineering

Abstract: Tells story of development of VA. Main themes: discovery that "Unnecessary cost is a people problem"; importance of identifying function; historical reaction to VA in three phases--ignore it, oppose it, accept it; VA's evolution into a "complete system.

Cost optimization for public school building projects during design stage using value engineering

Abstract: During the past ten years, various systems of building components have been applied in public school projects in Iraq, with no systematic method used for selection and evaluation, but only based on the designer's experience. This paper displays evaluation and selection techniques based on value engineering methodology to find the optimal cost for school building projects in Iraq during design stage. The most important criteria for performance, constructability and sustainability criteria, which based on the Leadership in Energy and Environment Design used in this assessment were obtained from a survey of 49 professional designers and consultants, adoption of the Super Decisions Software Program, which uses analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for determining the relative importance of the main criteria and subcriteria, that allows the decision-makers to evaluate the suitable alternatives of design for the external wall system in Iraq’s school buildings was built. 1 Optimizing building cost When making a decision to optimize the design of the building, one must specify the various criteria to judge the optimized solution. The likelihood of any one solution being the best of each criterion is remote. In practice, therefore, one criterion is usually adapted and this on the basis of the use of money, becomes the objective of value maximizing with minimum cost. There are three elements common in the optimization: 1. The set of alternatives. 2. The value system, which assigns a numerical value for "goodness" so that means "the best" can be known. 3. The means calculating the numerical value of each alternative and comparing this value with each other. Every owner would like to ensure that many available alternatives have been thoroughly investigated and that alternative selected is the most efficient and economical both on short-term and long-term basis. To accomplish this, the design team performs life-cycle cost analysis, and value engineering as well as model analysis. 1.1 Value engineering applied to design The VE program should be established at a management level where it can effectively challenge design criteria, including established standards, and where it can have access to operational and maintenance cost. This VE program should supplement present method and provide better information on which to make design decisions. Value engineering studies applied at the design phase of project will realize a great cost saving in practice; it is this stage that receives the most attention. VE plays an important role in both preliminary and detailed design. Preliminary design improvements will probably contribute greatest to initial cost of savings. Whereas VE application to detailed design can eliminate design failure and address itself to maintenance aspects of an engineering system. Figure 1. shows the decisions that have the significant influence on the expense of funds during the life cycle of the facility. Owners and consultants are key decision makers. To ensure the optimum results, it is necessary to involve the owner and the consultant in the professional assessment process. With regard to the total costs of the facility, consultant fees represent the little expenditure for all initial costs. Consultants' decisions affect about 50% of the total costs of the facility. Therefore, optimal results can be expected when resources are allocated to environmental equipment at an early stage of the design process, focusing on the impact of the owner and consultant. MATEC Web of Conferences 162, 02033 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816202033 BCEE3-2017 © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Fig. 1. Cost savings potential over project duration

Resource Allocation: Value Functions and the Marginal Value Theorem.

Abstract: : This paper details how to use value functions to determine which method of allocating limited resources among several activities will yield the maximum amount of obtained value to the decision maker. In addition, it introduces a model from the ecological literature for use when the value of investing in new units of an activity decreases as a function of the number of units already invested in. (Author)