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Value (ethics)

About: Value (ethics) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 21347 publications have been published within this topic receiving 461372 citations.


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Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that powerful educative experiences can neither be fully explained nor evoked if learners exercise only logical reasoning and self-control. And they call on the aesthetic philosophy of Dewey and others to propose that transformative, compelling experiences require not only the rational, intentional processes of acting on the world, but also the non-rational, receptive process of undergoing.
Abstract: Contemporary perspectives in psychology and education characterize ideal students as rational and in control of their thinking and actions. The good student is often described as intentional, cognitive, metacognitive, critical, and reflective. I begin with a brief history of control and rationality to establish how “The Tradition” is deeply rooted in philosophy, religion, and, in general, the story of Western civilization. Although these qualities are indeed important, I suggest that powerful educative experiences can neither be fully explained nor evoked if learners exercise only logical reasoning and self-control. I call on the aesthetic philosophy of Dewey and others to propose that transformative, compelling experiences require not only the rational, intentional processes of acting on the world, but also the non-rational, receptive process of undergoing. Dewey’s aesthetic experience, as described in “Art as Experience,” integrates both the rational and non-rational, and self-control and its opposite. In the implications section, I propose that anticipation—the imaginative sensing of possibility—as an important new motivation construct because it captures the aesthetic qualities of engaging educative experiences. I also discuss conditions that could support these kinds of experiences in the classroom. I conclude with a few provocative ideas: a new view of autonomy, the essential role of faith in education, value without work, suffering is passion, and responsibility redefined.

101 citations

DOI
08 Mar 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce value chain analysis and development as tools for addressing gender inequities in markets and present a menu of policy options for acting to promote gender equity and reduce poverty.
Abstract: This paper introduces value chain analysis and development as tools for addressing gender inequities in markets. We describe how factors such as access to assets, gendered education differentials and the nature and value of economic activities affect the way in which men and women participate and gain in value chains, distinguishing among household, institutional and chain levels of analysis. Current empirical evidence for the role of upgrading in value chains in impacting gender inequities in markets is weakened by our as yet imperfect understanding of the issues. However, horizontal coordination can reduce gender-related disparities in bargaining and management power as a precursor to stronger vertical relationships. Improvements in processes, products and functional distribution in value chains can improve chain-level outcomes leading to women's empowerment and, ultimately, to improved household poverty outcomes. However, this progression from positive impacts to desirable outcomes is not a given and depends on often complex context-specific socio-cultural norms. In particular, the benefits of women's participation in agricultural value chains are determined by their control of productive resources and household level decisions. Where both sexes play a role in decision making generic interventions, or even those applied to men only, can benefit both sexes. Where women do not participate in spending decisions a more gender-specific approach that targets underlying gender issues in households and institutions is required. We illustrate that unsound gender analyses can miss the point, resulting in flawed understanding of the real issues and ineffective or even damaging interventions. We conclude that the universal application of packages of generic 'default' interventions risk doing harm and that upgrading strategies should be applied on a case by case basis and only after a thorough and robust analysis of causal factors. We outline for practitioners what a robust analysis should look like and present a menu of policy options for acting to promote gender equity and reduce poverty using the value chain analysis and development approach.

101 citations

Book
01 Mar 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors expose the hollowness of the Green's claim to the moral high ground in environmental policy and the falsity of their argument that sustainable development is threatened by the exhaustion of so-called "finite resources".
Abstract: The environmental threat has gained high profile within the media and has been placed at the centre of the political agenda. The Green Movement warns that drastic action is needed to prevent global warming, the exhaustion of raw materials and the extinction of species. But has the alarm they have generated hindered rather than assisted some of the genuine issues at stake? In this book, Wilfred Beckerman sets out to expose the hollowness of the Green's claim to the moral high ground in environmental policy and the falsity of their argument that sustainable development is threatened by the exhaustion of so-called "finite resources". He discusses the difficulties involved in basic ethical issues such as intergenerational justice and the value of species preservation, and sets out the nature of the case for the retention of biodiversity. He aims to show that, far from there being any conflict in the long run between economic growth and the environment, growth is a necessary condition for the solution of genuine environmental problems, particularly those of the Third World.

101 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a unified framework for analyzing firm behavior which can be used to reconcile the divergent views of market equilibrium and manager's utility functions, arguing that the latter provides the best "first approximation" to firm behavior.
Abstract: THE RECENT LITERATURE on firm behavior has been characterized by two contrasting strands of analysis: on the one hand, there is the literature attempting to extend the conventional maxims of profit maximization of competitive firms from the familiar static models to dynamic contexts and into situations of uncertainty. These analyses argue that firms should maximize their stock market value and explore the implications of this for firm behavior. On the other hand, there is the vast and growing "managerial" literature, in which other objectives, such as "satisficing," "sales maximizing," and "maximization of the manager's utility functions" are postulated. The second group of analyses criticize the first as being unrealistic, while the first argues that it provides the best "first approximation" to firm behavior: if firms did not maximize their stock market value, or deviated far from value maximization, someone would attempt to take them over, change the course of action of the firm, and make a pure capital gain. This paper presents a unified framework for analyzing firm behavior which can be used to reconcile these divergent views. We begin our analysis by taking seriously several aspects of modern corporations which are usually ignored: there exist shareholders' meetings, the right to vote at these shareholders' meetings often has market value (market prices for voting and non-voting shares often differ); disagreements occasionally arise at these meetings; takeover bids are not uncommon; and takeovers are often disputed. The modern corporation is an economic institution in which there is always a potential political (i.e. voting) aspect. Thus, we model the firm as if the action it takes were determined by a majority vote of its shareholders. In deciding what action to vote for, shareholders must have some expectations of the consequences of alternative actions; in particular, we consider a small firm, so that it is not unreasonable for the individual to assume that the actions and values of all other firms will be unaffected. Thus we take the conventional Nash-non-cooperative view of market equilibrium. On the other hand, the action of the firm may have an effect on the market value of the firm in question, and it may lead individuals to decide to reallocate their portfolios.' We postpone until later a more detailed discussion of what a market equilibrium would look like in this context; but the simplest case to analyze is that where all individuals agree on what action the firm ought to take. In some sense, when that is the case, the shareholders' meeting is redundant. Section 1 of this paper gives an introduction to our result that in many cases

101 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that those whose commitment to their faith was internalized and whose religious group had a norm of prejudice were indeed prejudiced; those whose religious norms included tolerance were tolerant.
Abstract: G. W. Allport referred to religious intrinsicness as an “orientation.” The scales in Allport and J. M. Ross reflect that concern, including items that illustrate not only affect and values in the religious domain but also behavior, such as church attendance. The results were as predicted from a motivational theory of intrinsic religiousness and were directly counter to Allport’s position: Those whose commitment to their faith was internalized and whose religious group had a norm of prejudice were indeed prejudiced; those whose religious norms included tolerance were tolerant. Cognitive theories are only indirectly motivational, but they do seek to explain some of the same phenomena. The affect/value distinction is useful for hypothesizing which motivational theory relates to what part of religious commitment. Debates over attributions of causation are widely known in psychology. In social psychology, attributing a cause to a personal source rather than to environmental forces is referred to as the fundamental attribution error.

101 citations


Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202212
2021864
2020886
2019898
2018824
2017977