Topic
Value (ethics)
About: Value (ethics) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 21347 publications have been published within this topic receiving 461372 citations.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors define formal law as "a framework within which substantive value judgments are made by private actors" and argue that formal law fulfills specific external social functions, such as establishing spheres of action for the autonomous pursuit of private interests.
Abstract: spheres of action for the autonomous pursuit of private interests. In doing so, it guarantees a framework within which substantive value judgments are made by private actors. Thus, "formalities" facilitate private ordering. They are "premised on the lawmaker's indifference as to which of a number of alternative relationships the parties decide to enter" (Kennedy, 1976: 1685; cf. Heller, 1979: 187). The corollary elements of formal law are: conventionality, legalism, and universalism (Habermas, 1976: 264; cf. Unger, 1976: 204). (2) With this orientation, formal law fulfills specific external social functions. Formal law develops its own system rationality insofar as it establishes spheres for autonomous This content downloaded from 207.46.13.80 on Thu, 11 Aug 2016 06:13:06 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
406 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that people tend to resist trade-offs with other values, particularly economic values, because they are concerned about their participation in transactions rather than just with the consequences that result.
405 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The author examines the relationship between well-being and time, as well as the role of belief and reason, in the development of democracy and human rights.
Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EPISTEMIC FREEDOM 3. WELL-BEING AND TIME 4. IS MOTIVATION INTERNAL TO VALUE? 5. THE GUISE OF THE GOOD 6. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SOMEONE ACTS? 7. THE STORY OF RATIONAL ACTION 8. THE POSSIBILITY OF PRACTICAL REASON 9. HOW TO SHARE AN INTENTION 10. DECIDING HOW TO DECIDE 11. ON THE AIM OF BELIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
399 citations
TL;DR: It is found that increased financial incentives increase the quantity, but not the quality, of work performed by participants, where the difference appears to be due to an "anchoring" effect.
Abstract: The relationship between financial incentives and performance, long of interest to social scientists, has gained new relevance with the advent of web-based "crowd-sourcing" models of production. Here we investigate the effect of compensation on performance in the context of two experiments, conducted on Amazon's Mechanical Turk (AMT). We find that increased financial incentives increase the quantity, but not the quality, of work performed by participants, where the difference appears to be due to an "anchoring" effect: workers who were paid more also perceived the value of their work to be greater, and thus were no more motivated than workers paid less. In contrast with compensation levels, we find the details of the compensation scheme do matter--specifically, a "quota" system results in better work for less pay than an equivalent "piece rate" system. Although counterintuitive, these findings are consistent with previous laboratory studies, and may have real-world analogs as well.
396 citations
TL;DR: For instance, this article argued that the emphasis on expressive symbolism in the sociology of culture detracts from the chief pedagogical value of the older anthropological concept-the idea that culture is determining and that men are "culture-bound."
Abstract: evocative and integrative force. Although contract was an important legal notion from an early period in Anglo-American law, it came into its own as a cultural symbol only after the heyday of 18th century contractualism in political theory. To 19th century courts contract symbolized an ideal way of ordering private arrangements, and this symbolism shed a benign light on decisions upholding dubiously free private bargains. Today contract has lost its hold upon the legal imagination, with important results both in and out of the law. A sociologist attempting to investigate the cultural significance of industrial, political, military, or educational activity would get very little help from contemporary concepts of culture. But he would intuitively grasp the need for a selective approach and one that would appraise the symbolic significance of work, politics, war, or education. It is one thing to consider how different technologies affect worker morale. It is another to ask: What role has the assembly line played as a symbol of industrial organization? It is one thing to study the contribution of low levels of political participation to the stability of the political order. It is another to ask: How many voters see politics as a mode of self-expression, with concomitant demands that political programs conform to an appropriate symbolic imagery? Can we expect more of this in times of affluence, when people can "afford" the luxury of symbolic expression in politics? These questions suggest the selective emphasis of the sociology of culture. Our emphasis on expressive symbolism in no way detracts from the chief pedagogical value of the older anthropological concept-the idea that culture is determining and that men are "culture-bound." To participate in culture is to be implicated in a system of symbolic meanings. The content of that system, and its quality, obviously make a difference for the way men think and behave. The symbolic meanings of culture become part of mind and self and this is the chief source of culture-boundedness. It may be argued, indeed, that the interpretation of culture as expressive symbolism only sharpens the insight and heightens the relevance of the traditional analyst of culture. At the same time, a better theoretical foundation is suggested for the study of change and variation in the degree of culture-boundedness and in the significance of cultural determinism for the integrity of the self. The study of cultural particularity is not an end in itself but an avenue to fundamental knowledge regarding man as a moral and psychic being.
394 citations