Value (ethics)

About: Value (ethics) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 21347 publications have been published within this topic receiving 461372 citations.

Fair Play: The Ethics of Sport

Abstract: The second edition of Fair Play provides a comprehensive, clear, and philosophically sophisticated treatment of a broad variety of ethical issues in sport. . This long awaited, significantly updated and expanded edition of Fair Play brings to bear the latest issues and debates in sports ethics. Whether it's a discussion of title IX or the value of competition, the issues covered are presented in a balanced manner and range from abstract questions concerning the nature of sport to applied issues such as performance-enhancing drugs, the commercialization of sport, and gender equity. Simon continually provides a comprehensive, clear, and philosophically sophisticated treatment of the issues and, unlike available anthologies, his account of these controversies is unified by a particular ethical framework of competition conceived of as mutual quest for excellence. While major sporting events, such as the Super Bowl, the Olympics, and the World Cup, attract the attention of millions, and sometimes show sport at its best, growing concern over scandals and abuses in sport have increasingly raised questions about its moral standing. Stars are deprived of their Olympic Gold because of their use of performance-enhancing drugs, athletic programs of some major universities are racked with scandals, and the behavior of sports stars too frequently is violent and abusive. However, ethical concerns about sports run deeper than current scandals in today's headlines. Other concerns question the value of athletic competition itself. Does athletic competition reflect a selfish concern with winning at the expense of others? Should the role of sports in our educational institutions be significantly diminished? Does sport embody or express significant moral values? Or is it a corrupting influence, distracting us from more important concerns? Even worse, does it glorify the selfish pursuit of victory, and even violence against opponents and their fans, or against parents, referees, and opposing coaches in youth sports?Still other issues concern sport and social policy. What does gender equity in sport require? Do professional sports and the mass market corrupt the nature of sport and turn it into mere entertainment for the masses at the expense of the pursuit of true athletic excellence? Do sports organizations have good grounds for prohibiting the use of performance enhancing drugs, or are they illegitimately restricting the freedom of some athletes to pursue excellence in their own way? Fair Play is a rigorous exploration of the ethical presuppositions of competitive athletics and their connection both to ethical theory and to concrete moral dilemmas that arise in actual athletic competition. Professor Simon develops a model of athletic competition as a mutually acceptable quest for excellence and applies it to a variety of ethical issues that arise in sport. This edition of Fair Play adds new material throughout, including revised discussions of such topics as Title IX and gender equity, the commercialization of sport, the use of performance-enhancing drugs, the nature of sport, and the role of sport as a form of moral education.

Educating for intelligent belief or unbelief

Abstract: One of the most enduring and controversial issues in American education concerns the place of individual beliefs and moral standards in the classroom. Noddings argues that public schools should address the fundamental questions that teenagers inevitably rasie about the nature, value and meaning of life (and death), and to do so across the curriculum without limiting such existential and metaphysical discussions to separate religion, philosophy or even history classes. Explorations of the existence of a God or gods, and the value and validity of religious belief for societies or individuals, she writes "whether they are initiated by students or teachers, should be part of the free exchange of human concerns - a way in which people share their awe, doubts, fears, hopes, knowledge and ignorance." Such basic human concerns, Noddings maintains, are relevant to nearly every subject and should be both non-coercive and free from academic evalution.

How do we assess how happy we are? Tenets, implications and tenability of three theories

Abstract: Utilitarian moral philosophy holds that we should aim at greater happiness for a greater number. Yet two theories about how we assess how happy we are imply that there is not much value in happiness and that happiness cannot de raised lastingly. These two theories are: (1) ‘Set-point’ theory, which holds that we are mentally programmed for a certain degree of happiness, and (2) ‘Comparison’ theory holding that happiness results from a rational mental calculus involving comparison with standard of the good life. An alternative mental theory that fit better with utilitarian creed is the (3) ‘Affect’ theory that happiness depends on unreasoned emotional experience, which reflects gratification of needs. These theories are described, their theoretical plausibility is discussed and the empirical support evaluated. It is concluded that the first two theories fall short as a general explanation. Happiness seems to be inferred from how we feel in the first place. Hence there is no reality ground for rejecting the greatest happiness principle as a moral lead.

Editors’ Comment So, What Is a Conceptual Paper?

Abstract: When developing the Call for Proposals for Group & Organization Management’s (GOM) Conceptual Issue, we had lengthy discussions with colleagues and with each other about the best way to phrase the Call, and to increase the likelihood that potential authors would submit viable proposals. However, these conversations quickly turned to questions regarding “what is a conceptual paper?” Are conceptual papers just papers without data? Are conceptual papers different from theoretical papers? What about review papers, are they different from these? Within the management field, we tend to group nonempirical papers into theory, review, or commentary/critique pieces (Cropanzano, 2009). So, what is a conceptual paper? To some extent, the answer to each of the questions posed above is, “yes, but not quite.” Thus, in the Call for Proposals, we noted that “beyond summarizing recent research, manuscripts should provide an integration of literatures, offer an integrated framework, provide value added, and highlight directions for future inquiry. Papers are not expected to offer empirical data.” So, what does this really mean?

Enacting entrepreneurship as social value creation

Abstract: The social plays an important role in entrepreneurship, but one that is not well understood. We argue that the social conditions of entrepreneurs, as well as the social nature of opportunities, affect the entrepreneurial process. Hence it is conceptually useful to understand enterprise as socially situated. Accordingly, this article examines the enactment of a socialized opportunity to explore the process of entrepreneurial growth. We find that a conceptualization of social value creation usefully develops our understanding and challenges the view that economic growth is the only relevant outcome of entrepreneurship. Our case study shows how social value is created in multiple forms at different centres and on different levels: from individual self-realization over community development to broad societal impact. We also find complex interrelations between the different levels and centres, thus, we argue that entrepreneurship is as much a social as an economic phenomenon.