Showing papers on "Vapours published in 1980"

D.c. and infrared a.c. conductivity in dense mercury vapours

Abstract: The optical conductivity for dense mercury vapours beyond the critical point is derived from a careful analysis of new reflectivity and transmission data. Adapting the results of a recent computer study (Lagarkov and Serychev 1978), it is concluded that the maximum in the experimentally observed frequency dependence of the conductivity is associated with the formation of clusters in the dense, weakly ionized mercury plasma.

The Sampling and Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Organic Vapours in Landfill Sites

Abstract: A technique has been devised for the sampling of organic vapours in landfill sites. The vapours are concentrated on an active carbon adsorbent and subsequently desorbed with carbon disulphide. The resulting solution is analysed by gas chromatography. Amounts of selected compounds which are recovered using the technique have been calculated. Using the technique landfill sites have been monitored for organic vapours in general as well as for specific compounds. Landfill sites where decomposition is well into the methogenic stage show no significant concentrations of organic vapours. Where compounds are observed from the chromatogram their distribution throughout a site can be determined, as can their variation in concentration with time.

Baking vapours waste heat recovery - by heat exchanger in first and by recycling to steam zone in second zone

Abstract: The waste heat energy of continuous conveyor baking ovens is recovered by passing the hot vapours from the baking channel in a first stage through a heat exchanger for the prepn. of hot water and for an increase of their relative humidity. In a second stage, the lumps of dough are moistened by the vapours in a steam zone, assisted by an additional water spray if necessary to correct the relative humidity. The waste heat recovery results in a great redn. in the consumption of live steam and in the prodn. of hot water.

Analysis of ammonia-water intermittent solar refrigerator operating with a flat plate collector

Abstract: The intermittent solar refrigerator consists of three major components, generator-cum-absorber. rectifier and condenser-cum-evaporator. During the generation process vapours pass through the rectifier and are condensed in the condenser. During the refrigeration process vaporising liquid ammonia in the evaporator provides cooling and the vapours are absorbed by the weak solution in the absorber. The paper deals with the thermodynamic analysis of an ammonia-water intermittent solar refrigerator that uses a simple flat plate collector for generation of ammonia vapours from the ammonia-water solution. The processes that constitute the cycle have been simulated on a digital computer. For different initial solution concentrations and generator temperatures the following parameters have been evaluated and discussed. 1) Heat absorbed during generation. 2) Amount of vapours generated and the amount of ammonia condensed. 3) Minimum evaporator temperature. 4) Effective refrigeration and 5) Coefficient of performance.

Rapid preparation of geological analysis samples - is effected by induction heating of sample and liquid mixture, and has condenser to recover vapours

Abstract: Analysis of geological samples is performed quickly and this requires a rapid method for preparation of the samples. This is performed by dissolving the sample in a solution while subjecting the mixture to an HF electromagnetic field to provide a heating effect. An induction heater coil (1) is powered by an HF current to deliver an adjustable power. The coil has hollow turns which are cooled by circulation of water. The sample and solution are placed in a recipient (3) inside a cooling envelope (9) into which cooling water is introduced (10) and around which the coil is located. The vapours released are collected in a container (4) on which a reservoir with tap (5) is mounted in order to add reactive agents. A condenser (6) with breather pipe (7) allows the vapours to be recovered.

Process for producing anhydrous sodium sulphate from glauber's salt

Abstract: 1. A process for production of anhydrous sodium sulfate from Glauber's salt by melting, evaporation of water of crystallization and withdrawing of the vapours the Glauber's salt being melted in the own water of crystallization by the vapours deriving from the last stage of the evaporation which are passed through heat exchangers, characterized by maintaining the vapours at a temperature of 15 to 30 degrees C above the melting point of the Glauber's salt, by controlling the heat exchange between the condensing vapours and the circulating molten mass in such a manner to obtain a heating of the molten mass by 1 to 3 degrees C per passage through the heat exchanger, the first stage of evaporation is performed in such way that about the half of the vapours is used as heat-vapour by vapour compression and the other half for production of the amount of vapours from the last stage necessary for melting the Glauber's salt.

Condensation of vapours from fat deodorisation - by compressing and cooling by indirect heat exchange

Abstract: Condensation of vapours evapd. off during deodorisation of edible fats is carried out by (a) adjusting the vapours to a pressure corresp. to a condensation temp. of >=30 degrees C (pref. >=40 degrees C); and (b) condensing the vapours by indirect cooling on cooled surfaces at >=30 degrees C (pref. >=40 degrees C). Process avoids formation of stable emulsions, allows relatively warm coolant water to be used, and avoids problems of deposit formation associated with direct water injection.

Process and apparatus for recovering the heat from the vapours generated during the production of beer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for recovering the heat from the vapours generated during the production of beer. During the preparation of beer, vapours form in the wort kettles which are extracted from the copper and are often cooled in copper-steam condensers. In this arrangement, only a relatively small part of the heat of the vapours is used e.g. for the preparation of hot water. In order to be able to use the vapour heat completely and without environmental pollution, according to the invention it is proposed that the vapours be cooled in the heat exchanger (6) with the working medium of a closed-loop system in which, after being heated in the heat exchanger (6), the working medium is then decompressed (3), liquefied (4) and converted (7) to a higher pressure in the course of the operation.