Showing papers on "Vapours published in 1988"
TL;DR: An optical sensor is described which continuously measures the concentration of vapours of polar organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers, esters and ketones, but does not respond to hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbon.
37 citations
TL;DR: The temperature dependence of epoxy laminate conductivity has been studied before and after exposing the samples to moisture (relative humidity 70 to 95%) and various exhalates (HCl, HNO3, HCOOH, CH3COOH and NH3 and SO2 vapours) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The temperature dependence of the d.c. conductivity of epoxy laminate has been studied before and after exposing the samples to moisture (relative humidity 70 to 95%) and various exhalates (HCl, HNO3, HCOOH, CH3COOH, NH3 and SO2 vapours) which are generally released by electronic packaging materials. The d.c. conductivity increases with increase of temperature. At a particular temperature the d.c. conductivity increases after exposing the samples to moisture and exhalates, the increase being more at higher exposure times. The results have been explained on the basis of Fickian adsorption of moisture and consequent dissolution of the exhalate vapours in it, which possibly increases the conductivity due to ion formation.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental procedure was described for measuring sorption equilibria between polymers and condensable vapours at temperatures above 40°C by headspace gas chromatography.
10 citations
Patent•
13 May 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a process and device for carrying out the process to reduce ethyl carbamate in kernal fruit spirits is proposed, where a copper catalyst with a large copper surface is provided above the topmost rectifying tray in a distillation apparatus.
Abstract: A process and device for carrying out the process to reduce ethyl carbamate in kernal fruit spirits is proposed. To obtain a catalytic degradation of noxious cyanide constituents from the rising alcohol vapours, a copper catalyst (10) with a large copper surface is provided above the topmost rectifying tray (7) in a distillation apparatus (1) with a rectifying column (4), the catalyst being wetted by the condensate (15) from the dephlegmator located above, and the upward-flowing vapours (14) flowing through the catalyst.
9 citations
7 citations
Patent•
06 Apr 1988
TL;DR: In this article, peracetic acid is heated and hydrolysed in a container and the vapours produced are aspirated by the pipe to a liquid jet vacuum pump through which passes compressed air from a source.
Abstract: An apparatus and method for sterilisation functions by producing bactericidal vapours which are transported by a flow of air to an enclosure (6). Peracetic acid is heated and hydrolysed in a container (31). The vapours produced are aspirated by the pipe (33) to a liquid jet vacuum pump (32) through which passes compressed air from a source (1). This air does not become excessively laden with water vapour. Application to biological sterilisation, particularly in hospital environments.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new approach is proposed to influence reactivity and selectivity of organic reactions based on structural ordering conditions for reagents using solids prepared from vapour phase.
Abstract: New approach is proposed to influence reactivity and selectivity of organic reactions. It is based on structural ordering conditions for reagents using solids prepared from vapour phase.
4 citations
Journal Article•
4 citations
TL;DR: A corrosion resistant all-PTFE diaphragm pump with vapour condensation and collection at atmospheric pressure evacuation of the oil reservoir promises advantages to other methods of protection.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the spectrum of benzyl alcohol was analyzed and it was concluded that the surface molecules are lying with the hydroxyl groups beneath them, and the vapours above them.
3 citations
15 Dec 1988-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this article, the stability of drift chambers running in streamer mode is substantially improved when adding a few percent of organic vapour to gas mixtures composed of Ar, CO2 and iC4H10.
Abstract: The stability of operation and the detection efficiency of drift chambers running in streamer mode are substantially improved when adding a few percent of organic vapour to gas mixtures composed of Ar, CO2 and iC4H10.
Patent•
23 Feb 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-stage evaporation process is described, where the first two stages have a common heating steam space (19) and separate product spaces (18).
Abstract: Mixtures of liquids, which may contain dissolved and/or suspended substances, having different boiling points are separated by multi- stage evaporation, the evaporation stages being arranged in series and vapours from the evaporation stages being used for heating subsequent stages. To avoid spatial temperature inhomogeneities and energy losses, fresh preheated mixture is fed to the stage which is the second with respect to the direction of flow of the heating steam, the vapours from this stage being combined with the vent vapour from the same stage and being used for heating the subsequent stage, and the liquid phase, which is taken off from the second stage and contains less lower-boiling fraction, being fed to the stage which is the first in the direction of flow of the heating steam and whose vapours are combined, with compression, with fresh heating steam and used for heating the first two evaporation stages. In preferred equipment for carrying out this process, the first two evaporator stages (I,II) have a common heating steam space (19) and separate product spaces.
Patent•
03 Feb 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for the heat treatment of seed material, such as cocoa and/or cocoa products, containing constituents forming at least some volatile aroma substances on heating, is carried out in such a way that isolated aroma substance is fed during the treatment, in particular at the end.
Abstract: A process for the heat treatment of seed material, such as cocoa and/or cocoa products, containing constituents forming at least some volatile aroma substances on heating, is carried out in such a way that isolated aroma substance is fed during the treatment, in particular at the end. This is preferably carried out in such a manner that the vapours forming during the heating are taken off; the aroma substances, in particular pyrazine, contained in the vapours taken off are recovered and added back to the seed material.
Patent•
27 Oct 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a process and device for coating, in particular lacquering, articles are described, in which process the solvent vapours occurring during drying are guided in a closed circuit through a condensation device in which at least a portion of the solvent is condensed out.
Abstract: A process and device for coating, in particular lacquering, articles are described, in which process the solvent vapours occurring during drying are guided in a closed circuit through a condensation device in which at least a portion of the solvent is condensed out. By this means, the emission of solvent vapours to the environment is considerably reduced and the solvent is recovered.
Patent•
09 Sep 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a low-boiling liquid with its vapours in the liquid state is drawn from a pressure system to a storage vessel, where the presure in the storage vessel is reduced and the pressure in the pressure system increased.
Abstract: In order to enable the drawing-off of residual vapours of a low-boiling liquid from a pressure system (1) into a storage vessel (2), the pressure between said system and the storage vessel is first equalized, whereafter the presure in the storage vessel is reduced and the pressure in the pressure system increased, enabling thus passage of the low-boiling liquid with its vapours in the liquid state into the storage vessel. This process can be repeated in order to draw-off liquid with its vapours from the pressure system.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a new laboratory scale vacuum pump and its application to the handling of high concentrations, up to 100%, of water vapour and solvents.
TL;DR: In this paper, a quasi-chemical model for the sorption of water vapours by polar glass-like polymers allowing for two sorbate states is proposed, and the validity of the model is confirmed by thermodynamic calculations and NMR spectroscopy data.
Abstract: A quasi-chemical model for the sorption of water vapours by polar glass-like polymers allowing for two sorbate states is proposed. The first state is characteristic of water molecules having limited mobility and is determined by the presence of active centres in the sorbent. The second state is characteristic of molecules distributed in the polymer in accordance with Flory-Huggins theory. A programme is developed for calculating the sorption parameters corresponding to each state from experimental isotherms. The validity of the model is confirmed by thermodynamic calculations and NMR spectroscopy data.
Patent•
23 Jun 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, coke oven gas is desulphurized in an H2S washer or an NH3 washer, and the NH3 vapours are used for further processing.
Abstract: Desulphurization of coke oven gas in an H2S washer (1) or an NH3 washer (51), the crude gas having the same degree of purification, is operationally considerably more economical and the NH3 vapours are much better suited for further processing if an additional rectifying column (72) is used, if the NH3 vapours are redirected (82) to the central part of the H2S washer (1), and if strong ammonia water (78) is used in the central part of the deacidification device (15).
Patent•
22 Dec 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to compress the resulting vapours and use the compressed vapours for heating the dryer or concentrator in a thermal drying and concentration process, where the condensate is now depressurised in accordance with the compression stages of the compressor.
Abstract: In a thermal drying and concentration process, it is proposed to compress the resulting vapours and to use the compressed vapours for heating the dryer 1 or concentrator. In this case the compressed vapours are condensed, the condensate having a higher pressure than the surroundings. According to the invention, this pressurised condensate is now depressurised in accordance with the compression stages of the compressor 2, 2', 2'', this condensate simultaneously serving for cooling the compressed vapour, so that the mechanical compression effort is decreased with simultaneous increase of the amount of compressed vapour. As a result of the invention, the connection requirement of the dryer is reduced to a single energy source, so that the control effort is also simplified.
Patent•
23 Nov 1988
TL;DR: In this article, it is proposed that the filter material is a filler material used in the processing, where the waste vapours are produced, and the filler material is passed, after it has absorbed the solvent from the waste air which is to be filtered, as filler to the corresponding plastic processing.
Abstract: The process can especially be used for waste air which is contaminated by vapours, produced during plastic processing, of polymerisable monomers, especially synthetic-organic solvents such as styrene. The waste air is passed in a manner known per se through a filter, the solvent depositing on the filter material. According to the invention, it is proposed that the filter material is a filler material used in the processing, where the waste vapours are produced, and the filler material is passed, after it has absorbed the solvent from the waste air which is to be filtered, as filler to the corresponding plastic processing.
Patent•
19 Oct 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, an apparatus for the condensation of vapours, in particular boiling vapours formed during the crystallisation of sugar, with a primary condenser, a secondary condenser and a juice separator, is described.
Abstract: 1 An apparatus for the condensation of vapours, in particular boiling vapours formed during the crystallisation of sugar, with a primary condenser (6), a secondary condenser (8) and a juice separator (14), characterised by a tower (2) in which there are arranged from the bottom upwards collecting vessels (4, 5) for cooling water separated from the primary condenser (6) and secondary condenser (8), the juice separator (14) with an inlet connection (16) for the vapours, the primary condenser (6) and the secondary condenser (8)
Patent•
12 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the process and the installation are intended to remove most of the ammonium nitrate and of the nitric acid from the vapours by simple means, and where, simultaneously, the resulting product is adapted better to the nutrient requirement of the plants to be fertilised.
Abstract: The process and the installation are intended to remove most of the ammonium nitrate and of the nitric acid from the vapours by simple means, and where, simultaneously, the resulting product is adapted better to the nutrient requirement of the plants to be fertilised This is achieved according to the process by washing the acid vapours in several steps using at least one water-washing step followed by a treatment step for the chemical bonding of nitric acid, a suitable installation being distinguished by the fact that a washing step (7) for washing the vapours with pure process water, a subsequent treatment step (8) with an alkaline solution and a subsequent trapping or washing step (9) for the removal of, in particular, smaller liquid droplets from the vapours