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Showing papers on "Vapours published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an updated and comprehensive review on the catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived pyrolysis vapours over metal-modified HZSM-5 catalyst into bio-aromatic hydrocarbons is provided.
Abstract: This paper provides an updated and comprehensive review on the catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived pyrolysis vapours over metal-modified HZSM-5 catalyst into bio-aromatic hydrocarbons. The catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapours seems to be a promising technology in generating gasoline-type bio-aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e. benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX). Biomass-derived raw pyrolysis oil has high oxygenated compounds that deteriorate pyrolysis oil properties and limits its applications. Metal modification of hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil Five (HZSM-5) catalyst has gained attention in a biomass pyrolysis research area due to the beneficial effects on upgrading the oxygenated pyrolysis vapours into BTX-enriched pyrolysis oils. The influence of metals (alkali and alkaline earth metals, transition metals and rare earth metals) as bi-functional or multifunctional activity on HZSM-5 catalyst during pyrolysis has been addressed. The effect of reaction temperature, the type of metals, metal contents, the silica-to-alumina ratio of catalyst and the catalyst-to-biomass ratio are critically discussed for maximum production of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the upgrading of pyrolysis vapours. Finally, concluding remarks on metal-modified zeolite catalyst and future recommendation in upgrading biomass pyrolysis vapours are presented.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of exposing CH3NH3PbI3 films to the vapours of commonly available solvents has been studied and the effect of different solvent vapours on organolead halide perovskite properties is lacking.
Abstract: A comprehensive study regarding the effect of different solvent vapours on organolead halide perovskite properties is lacking. In the present work, the impact of exposing CH3NH3PbI3 films to the vapours of commonly available solvents has been studied. The interaction with perovskite has been correlated to solvent properties like dielectric constant, molecular dipole moment, Gutmann donor number and boiling point. Changes in the crystallinity, phase, optical absorption, morphologies at both nanometer and micrometer scale, functional groups and structures were studied using X-ray diffraction, UV-visible absorption, FE-SEM, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. Among the aprotic solvents DMSO and DMF vapours deteriorate the crystallinity, phase, and optical, morphological and structural properties of the perovskite films in a very short time, but due to the difference in solvent property values acetone affects the perovskite properties differently. Polar protic 2-propanol and water vapours moderately affect the perovskite properties. However 2-propanol can solvate the organic cation CH3NH3+ more efficiently as compared to water and a considerable difference was found in the film properties especially the morphology at the nanoscale. Nonpolar chlorobenzene vapour minutely affects the perovskite morphology but toluene was found to enhance perovskite crystallinity. Solvent properties can be effectively used to interpret the coordination ability of a solvent. The present study can be immensely useful in understanding the effects of different solvent vapours and also their use for post-deposition processing (like solvent vapour annealing) to improve their properties.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, fast reaction, good reproducibility, high sensitivity, and good differentiation ability between different vapours characterize the detection behaviour of the aerogels.
Abstract: This paper reports on the preparation of cellulose/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) aerogels for use as chemical vapour sensors. Cellulose/rGO composite aerogels were prepared by dissolving cellulose and dispersing graphene oxide (GO) in aqueous NaOH/urea solution, followed by an in-situ reduction of GO to reduced GO (rGO) and lyophilisation. The vapour sensing properties of cellulose/rGO composite aerogels were investigated by measuring the change in electrical resistance during cyclic exposure to vapours with varying solubility parameters, namely water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and chloroform. The increase in resistance of aerogels on exposure to vapours is in the range of 7 to 40% with methanol giving the highest response. The sensing signal increases almost linearly with the vapour concentration, as tested for methanol. The resistance changes are caused by the destruction of the conductive filler network due to a combination of swelling of the cellulose matrix and adsorption of vapour molecules on the filler surfaces. This combined mechanism leads to an increased sensing response with increasing conductive filler content. Overall, fast reaction, good reproducibility, high sensitivity, and good differentiation ability between different vapours characterize the detection behaviour of the aerogels.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the nano powder of both NiO-CuO was utilized to fabricate the thick films and the surface characteristics of the prepared films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy that shows homogeneous, porous CuO-NiO nanoparticles with varying dimensions.
Abstract: The present research deals with the synthesis of copper oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles. The nano powder of both NiO-CuO was utilized to fabricate the thick films. Thick films fabricated by screen printing method on glass substrate. The ex-situ doping method was followed for mixing the concentration of nickel oxide in copper oxide lattice. Calculated stoichiometric amount of NiO was loaded during thick film synthesis of CuO. The structure morphology of prepared CuO-NiO nanocomposite thick films was confirmed from x-ray diffraction technique, which approves cubic and crystalline CuO-NiO binary nanocomposite. The surface characteristics of the prepared films investigated by scanning electron microscopy that shows homogeneous, porous CuO-NiO nanoparticles with varying dimensions. The prepared thick films of CuO-NiO nanoparticles were analysed for electrical parameter, that assured the prepared material has a semiconducting nature. Further, these thick films promoted for gas sensing interpretation of H2S gas at various temperature and varied gas concentration. Here exclusive reports for hydrogen sulphide gas are reported. The binary CuO-NiO was thoroughly investigated for hydrogen sulphide gas concentration from 50 ppm to 500 ppm at the different temperature. The binary oxide sensor is found to be very sensitive at room temperature and maximum sensitivity response was 75.01 % for H2S gas. Furthermore the response and recovery times are also reported for binary sensor in the present research. The sensor reproducibility cycle was performed for binary oxide sensor at hydrogen sulphide gas (H2S). Material Science Research India www.materialsciencejournal.org ISSN: 0973-3469, Vol.17, No.(3) 2020, Pg. 260-269 CONTACT Prashant Bhimrao Koli prashantkoli005@gmail.com Research Centre in Chemistry, Arts, Commerce and Science College, Nandgaon, Taluka-Nandgaon, DistrictNashik, (MH), India, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Oriental Scientific Publishing Company This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Doi: http://dx.doi.org10.13005/msri/170308 Article History Received: 5 October 2020 Accepted: 30 November 2020

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the performance of 9 sheep wool mattresses types for water vapour permeability assessment and for water sorption-desorption capacity in extreme humidity conditions, from very dry to very humid.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2020-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental setup for accelerated dew point corrosion testing of steels using a concept of bipolar electrochemistry was developed for the first time applied to study corrosion at conditions of condensing vapours of acid on the steel surface.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of NiO and Ce2O3 loaded HZSM-5 catalyst on the catalytic upgrading of oxygenated pyrolysis vapours from sugarcane bagasse into high-quality polypropylene oil consisting of C6-C8 hydrocarbons was investigated.
Abstract: The main objective of the current work is to study the performance of the NiO and Ce2O3 loaded HZSM-5 catalyst on the catalytic upgrading of oxygenated pyrolysis vapours from sugarcane bagasse into high-quality pyrolysis oil consisting of C6–C8 hydrocarbons. The experiments were performed at five different pyrolysis reaction temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 °C) via in situ fixed bed reactor. The HZSM-5 was used as a support, while nickel oxides and/or cerium oxides were impregnated via incipient wetness impregnation method. The catalyst-to-biomass mass ratio was kept constant at 1:1 for all investigated samples. The results revealed that the NiO-Ce2O3/HZSM-5 catalyst has synergistic effects on upgrading the oxygenated pyrolysis vapours into higher contents of C6–C8 hydrocarbons (8.82%) in pyrolysis oil at 500 °C compared with other investigated catalysts.

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption of toluene and octane vapours on a homogenous silicon surface was measured under steady, thermal disequilibrium conditions where a vapour at a temperature TV is exposed to a solid surface at a lower temperature, TS.
Abstract: The adsorption of toluene and octane vapours on a homogenous silicon surface was measured under steady, thermal disequilibrium conditions where a vapour at a temperature TV is exposed to a solid surface at a lower temperature, TS. Zeta adsorption isotherm theory was used along with Gibbsian thermodynamics to examine the adsorption results analytically and to investigate the wetting conditions for these vapours. Further, from the prediction of the cluster distribution in the adsorbate, the conditions for the initiation of a liquid phase are predicted. Finally, the mechanism that determines the condensation mode of hydrocarbons on a silicon surface is investigated.

2 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple and cost-effective method of fabricating a thin film sensor for acid vapours was described, which was prepared by functionalization of chitosan (CS) with weakly emissive 8-hydroxy-2-methyl-quinoline-5,7-bis(N,N-dimethyl)sulfonamide (HQSA).
Abstract: The present study details a simple and cost-effective method of fabricating a thin film sensor for acid vapours. The sensor was prepared by the functionalization of chitosan (CS) with weakly emissive 8-hydroxy-2-methyl-quinoline-5,7-bis(N,N-dimethyl)sulfonamide (HQSA). Simple drop-casting followed by a dip-coating technique was adapted for the preparation of the CS–HQSA film. The hydrogen bond assisted functionalization was confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy, and the morphological changes of CS after functionalization with HQSA were identified by SEM analysis. Furthermore, the prepared film was demonstrated to be an acid vapour sensor. The sensing was achieved through a reversible protonation of the nitrogen atom in the quinoline (HQSA) ring which induces a photoelectron transfer, causing significant colour change and a fluorescence spectral shift from 450 nm to 515 nm. The newly prepared thin film is sensitive towards acid vapours with a detection limit of 12 μM and a response time of 5 s. Also, the observed quantum yield (23%) and fluorescence lifetime values (6 ns) prove the efficiency of the CS–HQSA film. The above results prove that CS–HQSA would be an efficient chemosensor for acid vapours.

2 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the condensation of magnesium vapours in the condenser is studied. But the authors focus on the extraction of magnesium by the electrothermal process and do not consider the condensing of the vapours at the same time.

2 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Oct 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, NiO sensors are fabricated and tested towards acetone, ethanol, toluene, hexane, methanol, and n-propanol vapours, under both dry and humid conditions.
Abstract: Nickel oxide (p-type) sensors are developed to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the presented work, NiO sensors are fabricated and tested towards acetone, ethanol, toluene, hexane, methanol, and n-propanol vapours between 5 to 25 parts-per-million concentrations, under both dry and humid conditions. NiO films are deposited onto alumina substrates using both spin-coating (SC) and vapour deposition (AACVD) methods. The measured thickness of the spin coated and AACVD NiO films are approximately comparable at 10.3 μm and 6.7 μm, respectively. Both SC and AACVD sensors showed a maximum response at 350°C. No significant influence of humidity was observed on sensor response and baseline resistance for either SC or AACVD sensors. The sensitivity is found to be highest for ethanol, acetone, and methanol vapours than the rest.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an elemental analysis of the alumina surface suggests that the sensing mechanism is governed by interaction of adsorbed acetone molecules with alkaline impurities such as sodium and/or magnesium ions naturally occurring in the α-Al2O3.

Book ChapterDOI
27 Jul 2020

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study of the effect of organic solvent vapours on the changes in protective properties of selected anti-gas protective garments commonly used by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization armed forces shows very good barrier properties of studied chemical isolated garments.

Patent
14 Jul 2020
TL;DR: In this article, a process for treating vapours released from lignocellulose biomass during acid treatment at elevated temperature of the lignosceles biomass is described.
Abstract: The invention relates to a process for treating vapours released from lignocellulose biomass during acid treatment at elevated temperature of the lignocellulose biomass. The process comprises condensing (3) the vapours to produce a condensate, adjusting (4) the pH of the condensate to about 9, and decanting (5) the condensate to produce turpentine, and may further comprise distilling (6) the mixture remaining after decanting to produce furfuraland a reject comprising tall oil fatty acids.The invention also relates to a corresponding system for treating vapours released from lignocellulose biomass during acid treatment at elevated temperature of the lignocellulose biomass.

Patent
11 Jun 2020
TL;DR: In this article, a method for using vapours (B) which are obtained during the drying of a solid material (KS), preferably a sludge (KS) was proposed.
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for utilising vapours (B) which are obtained during the drying of a solid material (KS), preferably a sludge (KS), wherein the vapours (B) are introduced into a flue gas (R) which is obtained during combustion of a fuel (TS) in a combustion system (4, 8), and wherein the vapours (B) to be introduced into the flue gas (R) are heated to a vapour introduction temperature (BT4) of more than 350 °C. The invention further relates to a vapour utilisation system (9) for utilising vapours (B) which are produced during the drying of a solid material (KS), and to a utilisation plant (100), preferably a sludge utilisation plant (100), having such a vapour utilisation system (9).

01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, an accurate quantification by FT-IR ATR analyses of pectin content from cotton and flax raw woven fabrics was presented, which showed an increase in the band intensity values located at ~ 1735 cm1 and a decrease of the one from ~ 1645 cm-1 after the exposure of the samples to HCl vapours due to the transformation of the (COO-) linked with Ca2+ groups into acidic carboxylic groups.
Abstract: This paper presents an accurate quantification by FT-IR ATR analyses of pectin content from cotton and flax raw woven fabrics. For this purpose, the investigated samples were exposed to HCl vapours. The relative absorbanceof pectin-specific bands was evaluated. The results showed an increase in the band intensity values located at ~ 1735 cm1 and a decrease of the one from ~ 1645 cm-1 after the exposure of the samples to HCl vapours due to the transformationof the (COO-) linked with Ca2+ groups into acidic carboxylic groups.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2020
TL;DR: Spherical microresonators based on whispering gallery modes (WGM) based on porous layer of silica onto the sphere's surface makes such sensors sensitive to different kinds of vapours like ethanol, ammonia, etc.
Abstract: Spherical microresonators based on whispering gallery modes (WGM) have been used for measuring the concentration of ammonia vapours. Because of their high Q-factors, the WGM microresonators are very sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure and moisture. Adding a porous layer of silica (SiO 2 ) onto the sphere's surface makes such sensors sensitive to different kinds of vapours like ethanol, ammonia. etc.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Aspen HYSYS software was used for theoretical calculations of vapour-liquid equilibrium and estimation of the lower explosive limit percentage value, and the results of the experiments were compared with numerical calculations.
Abstract: Cleaning, maintenance and repair works in petroleum transport and storage equipment are activities connected with an increased risk of explosion. After the pipes and vessels have been emptied, residual amounts of flammable liquids can spontaneously evaporate into the equipment vapour space. To appraise the risk of explosion, it is necessary to assess the formation of an explosive mixture of hydrocarbons with air under various operating conditions. A device was designed that simulates the described system at a reduced scale under stationary conditions for which a vapour–liquid equilibrium is reached. The equilibrium gas phase was analysed to determine the influence of temperature, pressure, and initial liquid phase volume proportion on the lower explosion limit percentage value. The results of the experiments were compared with numerical calculations. Aspen HYSYS software was used for theoretical calculations of vapour–liquid equilibrium and estimation of the lower explosive limit percentage value. It has been confirmed that the concentration of flammable substances in the mixture increases with temperature. As expected, the concentration of flammable substances at a certain temperature decreased with increasing pressure, as the partial pressure of flammable substances remained approximately the same at elevated partial pressures of air. The prediction of the vapour phase composition based on equilibrium calculations in the process simulator provided a pessimistic estimate of the results with a higher hydrocarbon concentration than the experimental measurements. Since the theoretical estimate of the composition of the hydrocarbon-containing atmosphere was always on the “safe side”, it seems to be suitable for predicting the risk of explosion in industrial facilities under known conditions – temperature, pressure, composition and amount of flammable substance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors dealt with impact of selected types of surface finish of historic bricks on their diffusion properties, i.e. on the process of spontaneous self-drying.
Abstract: The article is dealing with impact of selected types of surface finish of historic bricks on their diffusion properties, i.e. on the process of their spontaneous self-drying. Within the pilot experiment was monitored diffusion flow of water vapours going from humid brick fragment through its surface finish to the surrounding environment. Brick fragment was saturated with water to a degree usually corresponding to common humidity of uninsulated underground brickwork of historic buildings. Surrounding environment had parameters of common heated object for residential or administrative purpose or an object for storage of things sensitive to impact of high relative air humidity. Test results proved that any surface finish of the brickwork, even its hydropohobisation is significantly slowing down process of drying of the masonry compared to the speed of drying of the untreated brickwork. It is evident from the course of lines of diffusion flows that the process of water vapours diffusion is most intense at the beginning of the period (about 5 to 10 days) and after this period the diffusion flow speed goes to a long-term stabilisation of diffusion flow speed, in such a way that its course is in average corresponding to linear functional dependence on time. In conclusion of the article we introduce on practical example calculation of real time of drying up of the masonry in historic building selected space flooded with flood water where is now running process of natural drying without additional humidity sources.

Patent
06 Feb 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a safety means preventing the nozzles from being lowered if there is an unforeseen obstacle underneath one or other of the noizles. But they do not specify the obstacle.
Abstract: Device for extracting toxic powders or vapours, used with a weighing device such as scales (10) or an equivalent device on which is placed a container containing products that give off toxic powders or vapours, comprising a blow nozzle (14) for blowing air intended to carry the toxic vapours to the open top surface of the container and actuated when it is placed facing the top surface of the container, and a suction nozzle (16) for sucking up the air laden with toxic powders or vapours which has been blown by the blow nozzle, and actuated when it lies facing the open surface of the container, the two nozzles being lowered by a motor (30) in order to position them facing the upper surface of the container. The device comprises a safety means preventing the nozzles from being lowered if there is an unforeseen obstacle underneath one or other of the nozzles.

Patent
15 May 2020
TL;DR: In this article, an apparatus for treatment of process vapours coming from a vacuum concentration section of a urea plant, comprising a vacuum system (11) having a plurality of successive condensation stages (30), connected in series by respective line portions (31) and crossed in series of processes to be treated, is described.
Abstract: An apparatus (20) for treatment of process vapours coming from a vacuum concentration section (10) of a urea plant, comprising a vacuum system (11) having a plurality of successive condensation stages (30), connected in series by respective line portions (31) and crossed in series by process vapours to be treated; the apparatus (20) has at least one primary steam condensate inlet (50) for feeding steam condensate to the vacuum system (11) and positioned, with reference to a circulation direction of the process vapours in the vacuum system (11), upstream of at least one selected condensation stage (30), or in at least one selected condensation stage (30).

Patent
03 Feb 2020
TL;DR: In this article, a method of solvent regeneration in oil-extraction line includes condensation in separate surface condenser of secondary solvent vapours of preliminary distillers, corresponding surface condensers of secondary solvours and water of final distiller, toaster, desorber, a water evaporator and steam ejectors, recuperating the solvent in the oil absorption line from uncondensed vapours diverted from the surface condENSers, separating the solvent condensate stream and water in water separator to solvent, which is returned to extractor, and water with
Abstract: FIELD: food industry.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the fat and oil industry. Method of solvent regeneration in oil-extraction line includes condensation in separate surface condenser of secondary solvent vapours of preliminary distillers, condensation in corresponding surface condensers of secondary solvent vapours and water of final distiller, toaster, desorber, a water evaporator and steam ejectors, and solvent vapours diverted from the extractor and the capacitive equipment, recuperating the solvent in the oil absorption line from uncondensed vapours diverted from the surface condensers, separating the solvent condensate stream and water in water separator to solvent, which is returned to extractor, and water with subsequent treatment in water evaporator, wherein the solvent condensate from the separate surface condenser for condensation of secondary solvent vapours of the distillation mixers is separately controlled for the presence of water in the continuous settler or hydrocyclone, then the solvent is heated to a temperature close to boiling point and directed into the extractor.EFFECT: invention increases regeneration efficiency of the solvent.1 cl, 2 ex


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Hair can be used as a passive sensor able to trap chemical G-agents and can also offer valuable information regarding both individual contamination and proof of exposure to chemical weapons.