Topic
Vapours
About: Vapours is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1153 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15022 citations.
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Patent•
23 Jun 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the method of decontaminating electro-mechanical apparatus from polychlorobyphenyl comprises the steps of: maintaining the apparatus to be decontaminated submerged in a sealed chamber in vapours of a suitable solvent; and constantly changing the pressure and temperature of this solvent so as to permit at any time a condensation of the solvent vapours on the surfaces under treatment.
Abstract: The method of decontaminating electro-mechanical apparatus from polychlorobyphenyl comprises the steps of:
- maintaining the apparatus to be decontaminated submerged in a sealed chamber in vapours of a suitable solvent; and - constantly changing the pressure and temperature of this solvent so as to permit at any time a condensation of the solvent vapours on the surfaces under treatment. The solvent vapours can be produced inside the sealed chamber and, by providing a top condenser, a reflux washing can be obtained, or the vapours can be produced outside the sealed chamber and then injected therein at the required pressure and temperature.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an updated and comprehensive review on the catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived pyrolysis vapours over metal-modified HZSM-5 catalyst into bio-aromatic hydrocarbons is provided.
Abstract: This paper provides an updated and comprehensive review on the catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived pyrolysis vapours over metal-modified HZSM-5 catalyst into bio-aromatic hydrocarbons. The catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapours seems to be a promising technology in generating gasoline-type bio-aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e. benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX). Biomass-derived raw pyrolysis oil has high oxygenated compounds that deteriorate pyrolysis oil properties and limits its applications. Metal modification of hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil Five (HZSM-5) catalyst has gained attention in a biomass pyrolysis research area due to the beneficial effects on upgrading the oxygenated pyrolysis vapours into BTX-enriched pyrolysis oils. The influence of metals (alkali and alkaline earth metals, transition metals and rare earth metals) as bi-functional or multifunctional activity on HZSM-5 catalyst during pyrolysis has been addressed. The effect of reaction temperature, the type of metals, metal contents, the silica-to-alumina ratio of catalyst and the catalyst-to-biomass ratio are critically discussed for maximum production of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the upgrading of pyrolysis vapours. Finally, concluding remarks on metal-modified zeolite catalyst and future recommendation in upgrading biomass pyrolysis vapours are presented.
15 citations
TL;DR: Vapour synthesis is the use, as reagents, of vapours which are formed at high temperatures as discussed by the authors, typically, vapours such as those of transition metal atoms are brought into contact on a cold surface with a substrate, for example an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Abstract: Vapour synthesis is the use, as reagents, of vapours which are formed at high temperatures. Typically, vapours, such as those of transition metal atoms, are brought into contact on a cold surface with a substrate, for example an unsaturated hydrocarbon. The ensuing reaction can form compounds, typically organo-transition metal complexes. The principles and methodology are discussed critically to show the applicability of this technique to synthesis and research. A review of recent research illustrating the scope of vapour synthesis is given.
15 citations
15 citations
Patent•
21 Mar 1957
TL;DR: In a process for separating gases and vapours, and especially removing solvent vapours from air, a porous layer of a finely-divided absorbent is built upon a filter surface by suspensing the absorbent in the gas to be treated in high concentration, and moving the suspension to the filter surface on which the absorbing material separates as a porous surface on the ingoing side of the surface, and then the contaminated gas passes alone through the filtered surface which removes the vapours therefrom as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In a process for separating gases and vapours, and especially removing solvent vapours from air, a porous layer of a finely-divided absorbent is built upon a filter surface by suspensing the absorbent in the gas to be treated in high concentration, and moving the suspension to a filter surface on which the absorbent separates as a porous layer on the ingoing side of the surface, and then the contaminated gas passes alone through the filter surface which removes the vapours therefrom. Sufficient absorbent is dispersed in the gas to build up a layer 1/8 to 1/2 inch thick; activated carbon, alumina, or silica gel of mesh size minus 200 to plus 35 (Tylor) may be used. The vapours removed include solvents, halogenated hydrocarbons, or acidic gases such as H2S, SO2, or phosphine. In a suitable apparatus, a stream of gas passing through a duct 12 draws into it finely divided absorbent 36 to form a concentrated dispersion which passes into the plenum chamber 20 on which a number of porous filter elements 28 are mounted containing a filter bag of cotton or synthetic fibre. The absorbent deposits on the filter surface as a porous coating of 1/4 inch thickness, and the contaminated vapours are then passed alone, through the filter thus formed. The air freed from vapours passes to an exit 16. At intervals a further layer of fresh absorbent may be formed on the filter element. The exhausted absorbent may be removed by agitating the filters by a handle 32 or by reversing the air flow through the filter bag. U.S.A. Specifications 2,137,254 and 2,143,664 are referred to.
14 citations