Topic
Ventriculus
About: Ventriculus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 157 publications have been published within this topic receiving 2306 citations.
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01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: This chapter will not attempt to describe the many species variations in detail but will instead describe differences between birds and mammals.
Abstract: The digestive tract is not only important for nutrient digestion and absorption, but it is the largest immunological organ in the body protecting against exogenous pathogens. The digestive system has adaptations designed to facilitate flight. The length of the intestinal tract is shorter in birds relative to mammals. Also, birds lack teeth and heavy jaw muscles, which have been replaced with a lightweight bill or beak. Food particles are swallowed whole and then reduced in size by the ventriculus or gizzard located within the body cavity. This chapter will not attempt to describe the many species variations in detail but will instead describe differences between birds and mammals. The reader is referred to the excellent reviews by McLelland (1975, 1979) for specific information on various species.
276 citations
98 citations
TL;DR: Type HA can be differentiated from the 6 thirdstage larval types belonging to the genus Terranova that have been adequately described by the relative lengths of the ventriculus and intestinal cecum by possessing a c Cecum that is much shorter than the Ventriculus.
Abstract: characteristic Y-shape. Whole specimens are necessary to confirm the identification. Type HA can be differentiated from the 6 thirdstage larval types belonging to the genus Terranova that have been adequately described by the relative lengths of the ventriculus and intestinal cecum. Four larval types, Type B of Koyama et al. (1969, Jap. J. Parasit. 18: 466-487) from Japan, Type I of Cannon (1977, Int. J. Parasit. 7: 233-243) from Queensland, type HB of Deardorff et al. (1982, loc. cit.) from the Hawaiian Islands, and T. secundum (as Porrocaecum s.) of Chandler (1935, Proc. U.S. Natn. Mus. 83: 123157) from Galveston Bay, Texas, have been described as possessing an intestinal cecum the same length as, or slightly longer than, the ventriculus. The 2 other larval types, Type II of Cannon (loc. cit.) and T. trichiuri (as Porrocaecum t.) of Chandler (loc. cit.) and Lent and Teixeira de Freitas (1948, Mems Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 46: 271), were described as having a cecum about twice as long as the ventriculus. Therefore, by possessing a cecum that is much shorter than the ventriculus, type HA larvae may be differentiated from these other types. We are grateful for the technical assistance of Robert A. Rychlinski in our laboratory and express our appreciation to the staff and management of Fishland Market, Ltd. and U. Okada and Co. for their cooperation during this study. This study was supported by Contract No. 22380-2295 from the Food and Drug Administration. . cit.) and T. trichiuri (as Porrocaecum t.) of
80 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that the β-glucosidase isolated from the hypopharyngeal glands, honey sac and ventriculus is the same, and it is proposed that β- glucOSidase is produced in the hypophile glands, secreted into the mouth during feeding and then passes to the honey sac.
Abstract: β-glucosidase has been purified from the ventriculus and honey sac of Apis mellifera using a combination of anion- and cation-exchange, hydroxyapatite and gel-permeation chromatography. In addition, β-glucosidase from the hypopharyngeal glands has been partially purified using anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. The purified β-glucosidase gave a positive result by glycoprotein staining. This β-glucosidase consists of only one subunit and has Mr of 72 kDa as determined by SDS–PAGE. IEF–PAGE showed several bands with pIs ranging from 4.5 to 4.8. These multiform proteins have been proposed as having different degrees of glycosylation. The pH optimum of the purified β-glucosidase from the ventriculus and honey sac are 5.0. These enzymes were stable at temperatures up to 50 °C and have a relatively wide pH stability range of 4.0 to 9.0. MALDI-TOF-MS peptide mass maps of purified β-glucosidase from the ventriculus, honey sac and hypopharyngeal glands showed six matching masses. These results indicate that the β-glucosidase isolated from the hypopharyngeal glands, honey sac and ventriculus is the same. It is proposed that β-glucosidase is produced in the hypopharyngeal glands, secreted into the mouth during feeding and then passes to the honey sac. From the honey sac, this enzyme is transferred into honeycomb cells and the ventriculus.
78 citations
TL;DR: A simple method is described for collecting the honey-sac contents from honeybees, where the abdomen is squeezed in a special apparatus, which is described, to express the contents of the honey sac through the mouthparts.
Abstract: SummaryA simple method is described for collecting the honey-sac contents from honeybees. Captured foraging bees are anaesthetized with C02; the abdomen is squeezed in a special apparatus, which is described, to express the contents of the honey sac through the mouthparts. The expressed liquid is collected in a glass capillary tube and sealed and frozen for analysis later. Nectar loads can be collected very quickly, enabling large-scale studies to be made.The ingestion of fluid into the ventriculus is discussed.
54 citations