Showing papers on "Vertical mobility published in 1953"
TL;DR: For example, this paper pointed out that the emancipation of slaves in America gave the first slaves the right to choose between employers and to withhold their services from an employer but changes in their occupational status as a worker relative to that of white workers have been slow.
Abstract: The Negro came on the American scene as an order-taker-a slave who as a worker was always the supervised and directed, never the order-giver except to other slaves. As a consumer as well as a producer his area of free choice was limited and the disposition of his person as well as his offspring was not within his control. His emancipation gave the Negro worker the right to choose between employers and to withhold his services from an employer but changes in his occupational status as a worker relative to that of white workers have been slow. In short, he attained horizontal mobility as a worker but very limited vertical mobility. He could change employers but his occupational level was rigidly fixed within narrow limits regardless of who his employer was or where he worked. While the Negro's late arrival and his status as slave in a plantation system provide an economic explanation for his relatively low occupational status as compared with free white labor at the beginning of his life as a free wage earner, such circumstances cannot fully explain the snail's pace at which his
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