Showing papers on "Vertical mobility published in 1976"
TL;DR: Work incentives in the People's Republic of China as mentioned in this paper are intended to promote entry into the labor force, horizontal mobility of the workforce (i.e., geographical, intersectoral, interindustry, and interfirm movement of labor), vertical mobility (upgrading of skills), and satisfactory performance of the assigned tasks (quality and productivity).
Abstract: This article examines work incentives in the People's Republic of China. Incentives are intended to promote (a) entry into the labor force, (b) horizontal mobility of the workforce (i. e., geographical, intersectoral, interindustry, and interfirm movement of labor), (c) vertical mobility (upgrading of skills), and (d) satisfactory performance of the assigned tasks (quality and productivity). Work incentives may be exogenous, that is, directed at the subject from outside from his environment, or indigenous, that is, emanating from within the subject. They can be positive (rewards) or negative (punishments). They may be individual, that is, directed principally at the person's selfinterest (a notion which may comprise the household), or collective: related to the performance of groups. Collective incentives benefit the individual indirectly through the accomplishments of the group of which he is a part; personal interest is tied to the interest of the community. Incentives may be competitive or cooperative. They may be designed to set one unit (individual or group) against another, as in a race, or they can emphasize and reward solidarity, mutual help, sharing of experience, and so on, among individuals and groups. Finally, work incentives may be material or moral. The various work incentives are not mutually exclusive. They are used simultaneously in all economic systems, although the "mix" differs from system to system.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss what has happened to relocated slum families who are forced to sell out of a housing project because of economic reasons within their first four years of residence, and suggest that governments push self-built housing on municipally subdivided and allocated land combined with a residential and maintenance cooperative of some type.
Abstract: This essay discusses what has happened to relocated slum families who are forced to sell out of a housing project because of economic reasons within their first four years of residence. Many dropouts buy into established squatter settlements on the urban fringe and experience intraclass vertical mobility. Although families desire to be incorporated into the urban working class (interclass vertical mobility), they have not achieved this goal nor does it appear likely they will do so in the future due to a lack of greatly accelerated industrial expansion in Cali. In order to reduce the cost of low-income housing and the consequent cheating of buyers, it is suggested that governments push self-built housing on municipally subdivided and allocated land combined with a residential and maintenance cooperative of some type.
2 citations