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Showing papers on "Virus published in 1982"


Journal ArticleDOI
05 Nov 1982-Science
TL;DR: Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) is a human type-C RNA tumor virus (retrovirus) previously identified in and isolated from several patients with T- cell leukemias or lymphomas, but a related retrovirus has been found in a patient with a somewhat different disease.
Abstract: Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) is a human type-C RNA tumor virus (retrovirus) previously identified in and isolated from several patients with T-cell leukemias or lymphomas. The known virus isolates from the United States and Japan are closely related and are found in adults with an acute malignancy of mature T cells. A related retrovirus has been found in a patient (Mo) with a somewhat different disease (a T-cell variant of relatively benign hairy cell leukemia). Serum from Mo contains antibodies to the major internal core protein (p24) of HTLV. A T-cell line established from the spleen of Mo expresses HTLV antigens. However, HTLV from Mo is significantly different from all previous HTLV isolates in immunological cross-reactivity tests of p24. The usual prototype HTLV isolate is represented as HTLV-I, and the HTLV from Mo is represented as HTLV-II. Individual members of each subgroup may then be identified by subscript initials of the patient [for example, HTLV-I(CR), HTLV-I(MB), and HTLV-II(Mo)].

1,098 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1982-Nature
TL;DR: Chemically synthesized peptides corresponding to two different regions of the VP1 polypeptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus produced high levels of serotype-specific virus neutralizing antibody in cattle, guinea pigs and rabbits.
Abstract: Chemically synthesized peptides corresponding to two different regions of the VP1 polypeptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) produced high levels of serotype-specific virus neutralizing antibody in cattle, guinea pigs and rabbits. A single inoculation of one of these peptides protected guinea pigs against subsequent challenge with the virulent virus.

804 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper isolated eight rat lymphocyte-myeloma hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies that react with the 21,000-dalton transforming protein (p21) encoded by the v-ras gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV).
Abstract: We have isolated eight rat lymphocyte-myeloma hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies that react with the 21,000-dalton transforming protein (p21) encoded by the v-ras gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV). These antibodies specifically immunoprecipitate both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of p21 from lysates of cells transformed by Ha-MuSV. All eight react with the products of closely related ras genes expressed in cells transformed by two additional sarcoma viruses (rat sarcoma virus and BALB sarcoma virus) or by a cellular Harvey-ras gene placed under the control of a viral promoter. Three of the antibodies also react strongly with the p21 encoded by the v-ras gene of Kirsten MuSV. These same three antibodies immunoprecipitate the predominant p21 species synthesized normally in a variety of rodent cell lines, including the p21 produced at high levels in 416B murine hemopoietic cells. This suggests that an endogenous gene closely related to Kirsten-ras is expressed in these cells. The monoclonal antibodies have been used to confirm two properties associated with p21; localization at the inner surface of the membrane of Ha-MuSV-transformed cells, assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy, and binding of guanine nucleotides.

732 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These studies demonstrate the use ofvaccinia virus as a selectable cloning and expression vector, confirm the map location of the vaccinia virus TK gene, and provide initial information regarding the location of vacciniairus transcriptional regulatory sequences.
Abstract: Foreign DNA was inserted into two nonessential regions of the vaccinia virus genome by homologous recombination in cells infected with virus and transfected with plasmids containing the foreign DNA elements flanked by vaccinia virus DNA. Thymidine kinase-negative (TK-) recombinants were selected after inserting foreign DNA into the coding region of the TK gene of wild-type vaccinia virus; TK+ recombinants were selected after inserting the herpesvirus TK gene into TK- mutants of vaccinia virus. For TK+ expression, it was necessary to insert a 275-base-pair DNA fragment containing the initiation site and sequences upstream of an early vaccinia virus transcript next to the coding sequences of the herpesvirus gene. The unique ability of the herpesvirus TK to phosphorylate 125I-labeled deoxycytidine provided independent confirmation of gene expression. These studies demonstrate the use of vaccinia virus as a selectable cloning and expression vector, confirm the map location of the vaccinia virus TK gene, and provide initial information regarding the location of vaccinia virus transcriptional regulatory sequences.

719 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
07 Jan 1982-Nature
TL;DR: During the search for an in vitro model of persistent virus infections the agent was studied in more detail and showed the virus to have a diameter of 17 nm, and to contain a covalently closed circular single-stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 0.58 × 106.
Abstract: It was reported previously that cultures of the porcine PK-15 cell line (ATCC-CCL31) were chronically infected with a small virus, supposedly containing RNA1. No gross cytopathic effect was seen in these cultures. During the search for an in vitro model of persistent virus infections the agent was studied in more detail. These studies showed the virus to have a diameter of 17 nm, and to contain a covalently closed circular single-stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 0.58 × 106 and a main capsid polypeptide with a molecular weight of 36,000. Of the animals tested, only pigs were found to have antibodies. On the basis of these properties the virus appears to be a member of a family of animal viruses so far not encountered. We have named the virus porcine circovirus (PCV).

680 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Aug 1982-Nature
TL;DR: Retrovirus genomes introduced into mouse zygotes by microinjection of cloned DNA, or into morula stage pre-implantation mouse embryos by infection with Moloney murine leukaemia virus, became de novo methylated and were blocked in expression.
Abstract: Retrovirus genomes introduced into mouse zygotes by microinjection of cloned DNA, or into morula stage pre-implantation mouse embryos by infection with Moloney murine leukaemia virus (M-MuLV), became de novo methylated and were blocked in expression. No restriction of virus expression and no de novo methylation were observed when post-implantation mouse embryos were infected with virus. Efficient de novo methylation activity may be an important characteristic of gene regulation in early mouse embryos.

555 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, as an insert in vaccinia virus, is transcribed in vivo and in vitro, and the fidelity of in vivo transcription into a functional gene product was detected by the phosphorylation of 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxycytidine.
Abstract: We have constructed recombinant vaccinia viruses containing the thymidine kinase gene from herpes simplex virus. The gene was inserted into the genome of a variant of vaccinia virus that had undergone spontaneous deletion as well as into the 120-megadalton genome of the large prototypic vaccinia variant. This was accomplished via in vivo recombination by cotransfection of eukaryotic tissue culture cells with cloned BamHI-digested thymidine kinase gene from herpes simplex virus containing flanking vaccinia virus DNA sequences and infectious rescuing vaccinia virus. Pure populations of the recombinant viruses were obtained by replica filter techniques or by growth of the recombinant virus in biochemically selective medium. The herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, as an insert in vaccinia virus, is transcribed in vivo and in vitro, and the fidelity of in vivo transcription into a functional gene product was detected by the phosphorylation of 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxycytidine.

554 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The finding of HTLV antibodies in some of the normal population in the Caribbean and Japan, and the clustering of a specific form of T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma in these virus‐endemic areas, suggest that HTLV infection may be associated with the occurrence of a distinctive clinico‐pathologic entity.
Abstract: Type-C RNA tumor viruses have been implicated in the etiology of naturally occurring leukemias and lymphomas of animals. Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) is the first human virus of this class consistently identified in association with a specific type of human leukemia/lymphoma. The isolation of HTLV was made possible by the ability to grow mature T-cells in tissue culture usually with T-cell growth factor (TCGF). We now report a cluster of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma among Blacks from the Caribbean in which all eight cases are positive for HTLV virus and/or antibody. These patients have disease that appears indistinguishable from Japanese adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma which, as we have also reported, is associated with HTLV in over 90% of cases. The finding of HTLV antibodies in some of the normal population in the Caribbean and Japan, and the clustering of a specific form of T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in these virus-endemic areas, suggest that HTLV infection may be associated with the occurrence of a distinctive clinico-pathologic entity.

546 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1982-Cell
TL;DR: The design of the HSV amplicon system is based on the previous observation that cotransfection of cells with helper virus DNA and seed monomeric repeat units of HSV defective genomes results in the regeneration of concatemeric defective genomes composed of multiple reiterations of the seed repeats.

520 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Total cellular poly(A)-enriched RNA from a variety of fresh human leukemic blood cells and hematopoietic cell lines was analyzed for homology with molecularly cloned DNA probes containing the onc sequence of Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MuLV), Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV), simian sarcomA virus (SSV), and avian myelocytomatosis virus strain MC29.
Abstract: Total cellular poly(A)-enriched RNA from a variety of fresh human leukemic blood cells and hematopoietic cell lines was analyzed for homology with molecularly cloned DNA probes containing the onc sequence of Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MuLV), Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV), simian sarcoma virus (SSV), and avian myelocytomatosis virus strain MC29. Results with the fresh blood cells paralleled those obtained with the cell lines. With Ab-MuLV and Ha-MuSV, multiple RNA bands were visualized in all cell types examined without significant variation in the relative intensities of the bands. When SSV was used as the probe, expression of related onc sequences was absent in all of the hematopoietic cell types examined except for one neoplastic T-cell line (HUT 102), which produces the human T-cell leukemia (lymphoma) retrovirus HTLV. In this cell line, a single band (4.2 kilobases) was observed. With MC29 as the probe, a single band of 2.7 kilobases was visualized in all cell types examined with only a 10 to 2-fold variation in intensity of hybridization. An exception was the promyelocytic cell line, HL60, which expressed approximately 10-fold more MC29-related onc sequences. With induction of differentiation of HL60 with either dimethyl sulfoxide or retinoic acid, a marked diminution in the amount of the MC29-related, but not the Ab-MuLV-related, onc message was observed.

504 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the tandem repeat elements may interact with host-specific molecules and, furthermore, may constitute one of the elements determining the host range of these eukaryotic viruses.
Abstract: The simian virus (SV40) 72-base pair (bp) tandem repeated sequences have recently been shown to function as activators or enhancers of early viral transcription. A recombinant viral genome was recently constructed by inserting 72-bp tandem repeats from the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) in place of the 72-bp repeats of SV40. Although this genome replicates in monkey kidney cells, its rate of large tumor antigen expression and replication is considerably slower than that of wild-type SV40. In mouse cells, however, equivalent levels of large tumor antigen appear to be expressed from both wild-type and recombinant genomes, suggesting a relationship between the level of enhancer activity and the host cell. To confirm this observation, we have applied a sensitive quantitative assay for gene expression based on the conversion of chloramphenicol to its acetylated forms. The gene encoding the enzymatic function chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was inserted into two vectors in which the enhancer sequences from SV40 or MSV were placed adjacent to the early SV40 promoter. The SV40 tandem repeats appear to activate gene expression to significantly higher levels in monkey kidney cells, but the MSV repeats are more active in two lines of mouse cells. These findings suggest that the tandem repeat elements may interact with host-specific molecules and, furthermore, may constitute one of the elements determining the host range of these eukaryotic viruses.

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Mar 1982-Nature
TL;DR: This review summarizes recent information on the structure of the genes and their products, the way in which these vary and the effects of the changes on the biological activities of the virus.
Abstract: Influenza is unique among the viruses in its capacity to vary. Because of antigenic variation, it has proved impossible to control influenza by vaccination, and variation in virulence, host range and transmissibility influence the spread and severity of influenza epidemics. This variation is caused by sequence changes in the genes of the virus and this review summarizes recent information on the structure of the genes and their products, the way in which these vary and the effects of the changes on the biological activities of the virus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The early appearance of virus in tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric-portal lymph nodes, and intestine suggests that primary infection occurs by way of the alimentary tract, either prenatally from virus in amniotic fluid or postnatallyFrom virus in a contaminated environment.
Abstract: A better understanding of the infectious process in scrapie was sought by studying the temporal distribution of virus in naturally infected Suffolk sheep. Virus was detected (by mouse inoculation) first in lymphatic tissues and intestine of clinically normal lambs (age, 10-14 months). Titers were generally low. Infection of the central nervous system was first detected in a 25-month-old clinically normal sheep whose nonneural tissues had moderate amounts of virus. In sheep affected with scrapie, similar amounts in nonneural tissues accompanied high concentrations in the central nervous system, notably in sites of severest neurohistologic changes. No virus was found in clinically normal high-risk sheep 54 to 104 months old. The early appearance of virus in tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric-portal lymph nodes, and intestine suggests that primary infection occurs by way of the alimentary tract, either prenatally from virus in amniotic fluid or postnatally from virus in a contaminated environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The model reconciles seroepidemiological data linking HSV to human genital cancer with the apparent difficulties in finding HSV DNA by biopsy in genital cancer.

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Jan 1982-Science
TL;DR: The binding of virus to acetylcholine receptors, which are present in high density at the neuromuscular junction, would provide a mechanism whereby the virus could be locally concentrated at sites in proximity to peripheral nerves facilitating subsequent uptake and transfer to the central nervous system.
Abstract: Rabies virus was found on mouse diaphragms and on cultured chick myotubes in a distribution coinciding with that of the acetylcholine receptor. Treatment of the myotubes with alpha-bungarotoxin and d-tubocurarine before the addition of the virus reduced the number of myotubes that became infected with rabies virus. These findings together suggest that acetylcholine receptors may serve as receptors for rabies virus. The binding of virus to acetylcholine receptors, which are present in high density at the neuromuscular junction, would provide a mechanism whereby the virus could be locally concentrated at sites in proximity to peripheral nerves facilitating subsequent uptake and transfer to the central nervous system.

Journal ArticleDOI
20 Aug 1982-Science
TL;DR: One of three virus-carrying cell lines, tested after being subjected to lethal x-irradiation, consistently transformed leukocytes from adult peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood, which expressed adult T cell leukemia virus-associated antigen.
Abstract: The transmission of adult T cell leukemia virus, a human retrovirus, into fresh leukocytes from normal humans was examined. One of three virus-carrying cell lines, tested after being subjected to lethal x-irradiation, consistently transformed leukocytes from adult peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood. All the transformed cell lines expressed adult T cell leukemia virus-associated antigen, but transformed lines originating from adult and umbilical cord blood exhibited T cell and non-T, non-B cell surface natures, respectively. Efforts to transform human leukocytes with cell-free virus were unsuccessful.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two patients referred for cancer chemotherapy were found to be chronic, asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers and had normal serum aminotransferase levels, but their...
Abstract: Two patients referred for cancer chemotherapy were found to be chronic, asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. They had normal serum aminotransferase levels, but their ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that vesicular stomatitis virus enters MDCK cells by endocytosis in coated pits and coated vesicles, and is transported to the lysosome where the low pH triggers a fusion reaction ultimately leading to the transfer of the genome into the cytoplasm.

Journal Article
TL;DR: It is suggested that T cell cytotoxicity in patients with chronic HBV infection is directed against determinants resembling the hepatitis B core antigen on the plasma membrane of hepatocytes.
Abstract: Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from 21 patients with chronic HBV infection were incubated with autologous hepatocytes in a microcytotoxicity assay. Cytotoxicity was significantly increased in 13 cases, and in 12 of these the cytotoxic effect of the T lymphocytes was inhibited by preincubating the liver cells with IgG containing antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). Normal human IgG and IgG containing antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) were without effect. Control experiments using autologous fibroblasts as target cells showed low levels of T cell cytotoxicity and no blocking effect of anti-core antibody. All patients in whom it was possible to demonstrate HBcAg in liver tissue had significantly increased T cell cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes. These studies suggest that T cell cytotoxicity in patients with chronic HBV infection is directed against determinants resembling the hepatitis B core antigen on the plasma membrane of hepatocytes.

Journal ArticleDOI
19 Feb 1982-Science
TL;DR: Observations from Japan, together with data from Japan showing that adult T cell leukemia is endemic in southwest Japan, suggest that HTLV is involved in a subtype of human T cell malignancy, including Japanese adult Tcell leukemia.
Abstract: Human T cell lymphoma leukemia virus (HTLV) is a human retrovirus (RNA tumor virus) that was originally isolated from a few patients with leukemias or lymphomas involving mature T lymphocytes. Here we report that the serum of Japanese patients with adult T cell leukemia, but not the serum of tested normal donors, contains high titers of antibodies to HTLV. These observations, together with data from Japan showing that adult T cell leukemia is endemic in southwest Japan, suggest that HTLV is involved in a subtype of human T cell malignancy, including Japanese adult T cell leukemia.

Patent
23 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described methods for modifying the genome of vaccinia virus to produce vaccinia mutants, particularly by the introduction into the vaccinia genome of exogenous DNA; modified vaccinia prepared by such methods; certain DNA sequences and unmodified and genetically modified microorganisms involved as intermediates in such methods.
Abstract: What are disclosed are methods for modifying the genome of vaccinia virus to produce vaccinia mutants, particularly by the introduction into the vaccinia genome of exogenous DNA; modified vaccinia prepared by such methods; certain DNA sequences and unmodified and genetically modified microorganisms involved as intermediates in such methods; and methods for infecting cells and host animals with such vaccinia mutants to provoke the amplification of exogenous DNA and proteins encoded by the exogenous DNA, including antigenic proteins, by said cells and host animals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Prevention of selected otitis-associated viral infections should reduce the incidence of this disease and infections with the viruses more closely associated with acute otitis media were correlated with an increased risk of recurrent disease.
Abstract: We analyzed data from a 14-year longitudinal study of respiratory infections in young children to determine the relative importance of viral respiratory infection and nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae as factors influencing the occurrence of acute otitis media with effusion. The incidence of this disorder was increased in children with viral respiratory infections (average relative risk, 3.2; P less than 0.0001). Infection with respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus (type A or B), and adenovirus conferred a greater risk of otitis media than did infection with parainfluenza virus, enterovirus, or rhinovirus. Colonization of the nasopharynx with Str. pneumoniae or H. influenzae had a lesser effect on the incidence of the disease (average relative risk; 1.5; P less than 0.01). Infections with the viruses more closely associated with acute otitis media (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and influenza A or B) were correlated with an increased risk of recurrent disease. Prevention of selected otitis-associated viral infections should reduce the incidence of this disease.

Patent
08 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described methods for modifying the genome of vaccinia virus to produce vaccinia mutants, particularly by the introduction into the vaccinia genome of exogenous DNA; modified vaccinia prepared by such methods; certain DNA sequences and unmodified and genetically modified microorganisms involved as intermediates in such methods.
Abstract: What are disclosed are methods for modifying the genome of vaccinia virus to produce vaccinia mutants, particularly by the introduction into the vaccinia genome of exogenous DNA; modified vaccinia prepared by such methods; certain DNA sequences and unmodified and genetically modified microorganisms involved as intermediates in such methods; and methods for infecting cells and host animals with such vaccinia mutants to provoke the amplification of exogenous DNA and proteins encoded by the exogenous DNA, including antigenic proteins, by said cells and host animals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results document the existence of an urban cycle for Hantaan virus, which had been suspected on the basis of the occurrence of sporadic urban cases in humans of KHF, and suggest that Rattus-borne HantaAn virus may be widely distributed in urban centers.
Abstract: Urban rats captured in Seoul and four nearby Korean cities were found to have immunofluorescent antibodies reactive with Hantaan virus, the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever (KHF). Serum antibodies were detected in 13% from 477 Rattus norvegicus and 11% of 47 Rattus rattus. Hantaan viral antigen was found in pulmonary tissues of 42 animals, and Hantaan virus was recovered from 23 rats, all but two of which were R. norvegicus. Wistar rats were qualitatively much more sensitive than Apodemus agrarius rodents for isolation of virus from tissues of wild rats. Wistar rats inoculated with one of these strains had virus in lung and spleen for at least 75 days. These results document the existence of an urban cycle for Hantaan virus, which had been suspected on the basis of the occurrence of sporadic urban cases in humans of KHF, and suggest that Rattus-borne Hantaan virus may be widely distributed in urban centers.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1982-Virology
TL;DR: The viral glycoprotein GP-1 likely contains both the attachment and fusion activities of mouse hepatitis virus-4, as well as three viral polypeptide specificities characterized by indirect immunofluorescence and immune precipitation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The exons in c-myc may define two functional domains in the gene and may therefore facilitate the dissection of the different oncogenic potentials of the MC29 virus.
Abstract: The chicken genome contains nucleotide sequences homologous to transforming genes (oncogenes) of a number of avian retroviruses. We have isolated chicken DNA (c-myc) that is homologous to the oncogene (v-myc) of the avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29 and have compared the structures of the cellular and viral genes. Results from restriction endonuclease mapping of c-myc and from analysis of heteroduplexes between the DNAs of the cellular and viral genes show that c-myc is homologous to 1,500 nucleotides in v-myc DNA. This homologous region is interrupted in c-myc by an intron-like sequence of 1,100 nucleotides which is absent from v-myc. Nuclear RNA from normal chicken cells contains at least five species of transcripts from c-myc ranging from 2.5 to 6.5 kilobases in length. By contrast, cytoplasm contains only the 2.5-kilobase c-myc RNA. These features of the c-myc gene and its nuclear transcripts are characteristic of normal cellular genes and suggest that the myc gene is of cellular rather than viral origin. The exons in c-myc may define two functional domains in the gene and may therefore facilitate the dissection of the different oncogenic potentials of the MC29 virus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Herpes simplex virus (herpesvirus) was isolated from autopsy lung specimens of 20 patients with clinical, roentgenographic, and histologic evidence of pneumonia and indicated that, in most cases, herpesvirus pneumonia was due to endogenous reactivation of virus.
Abstract: Herpes simplex virus (herpesvirus) was isolated from autopsy lung specimens of 20 patients with clinical, roentgenographic, and histologic evidence of pneumonia. Mucocutaneous herpesvirus infection preceded the onset of pneumonia in 17. Twelve patients had focal pneumonia, 10 of whom had concomitant herpetic tracheitis, esophagitis, or both. Eight patients had diffuse interstitial pneumonia, six of whom had dissemination of herpesvirus to the other organs. Of the eight lung isolates available for typing, seven were herpesvirus-1 and one, herpesvirus-2. A high prevalence of herpesvirus antibody in serum samples obtained before pneumonia and identical restriction endonuclease patterns between mucosal and lung isolates in individual patients indicated that, in most cases, herpesvirus pneumonia was due to endogenous reactivation of virus. Focal herpesvirus pneumonia appeared to result from contiguous spread of herpesvirus to lung parenchyma, whereas diffuse interstitial pneumonia appeared to be a manifestation of hematogenous dissemination of virus.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1982-Cell
TL;DR: The posttranslational addition of lipid may be the means by which the transforming proteins of Rous sarcoma virus, Harvey sarcomA virus and Abelson virus acquire an affinity for membranes.

Journal ArticleDOI
22 Oct 1982-Science
TL;DR: The protein coding region of the herpes simplex virus type-1 glycoprotein D (gD) gene was mapped, and the nucleotide sequence was determined and the potential of this system for preparation of a type-common herpessimplex virus vaccine is discussed.
Abstract: The protein coding region of the herpes simplex virus type-1 glycoprotein D (gD) gene was mapped, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The predicted amino acid sequence of the gD polypeptide was found to contain a number of features in common with other virus glycoproteins. Insertion of this protein coding region into a bacterial expressor plasmid enabled synthesis in Escherichia coli of an immunoreactive gD-related polypeptide. The potential of this system for preparation of a type-common herpes simplex virus vaccine is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A hairpin structure, very well conserved in the two genomes, was located in the only region devoid of coding function, suggesting the location of the origin of replication of the viral DNA.
Abstract: The complete nucleotide sequence of a woodchuck hepatitis virus genome cloned in Escherichia coli was determined by the method of Maxam and Gilbert This sequence was found to be 3,308 nucleotides long Potential ATG initiator triplets and nonsense codons were identified and used to locate regions with a substantial coding capacity A striking similarity was observed between the organization of human hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus Nucleotide sequences of these open regions in the woodchuck virus were compared with corresponding regions present in hepatitis B virus This allowed the location of four viral genes on the L strand and indicated the absence of protein coded by the S strand Evolution rates of the various parts of the genome as well as of the four different proteins coded by hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus were compared These results indicated that: (i) the core protein has evolved slightly less rapidly than the other proteins; and (ii) when a region of DNA codes for two different proteins, there is less freedom for the DNA to evolve and, moreover, one of the proteins can evolve more rapidly than the other A hairpin structure, very well conserved in the two genomes, was located in the only region devoid of coding function, suggesting the location of the origin of replication of the viral DNA