Topic
Virus
About: Virus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 136914 publications have been published within this topic receiving 5209107 citations. The topic is also known as: infectious agent & viruses.
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TL;DR: Whether the outcome of innate sensor stimulation promotes antiviral resistance or disease tolerance, and proposed rational treatment strategies for the acute respiratory disease that is caused by influenza virus infection are considered.
Abstract: Influenza viruses are a major pathogen of both humans and animals. Recent studies using gene-knockout mice have led to an in-depth understanding of the innate sensors that detect influenza virus infection in a variety of cell types. Signalling downstream of these sensors induces distinct sets of effector mechanisms that block virus replication and promote viral clearance by inducing innate and adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we discuss the various ways in which the innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors to detect and respond to influenza virus infection. We consider whether the outcome of innate sensor stimulation promotes antiviral resistance or disease tolerance, and propose rational treatment strategies for the acute respiratory disease that is caused by influenza virus infection.
828 citations
TL;DR: The data show that cleavage of HA is not a precondition for virus assembly and hemagglutinating activity, but that it is necessary for infectivity, and are compatible with the hypothesis that, in addition to its role in adsorption, the hemagGLutinin has another function in the infection process and cleavage is required for this function.
827 citations
TL;DR: The observations indicate the major challenge of preventing infection by HIV appears to involve infection with a relatively low-virulence strain that remains sensitive to the immune response, particularly to control by CD8+ cell antiviral activity.
824 citations
TL;DR: The structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been determined at close to atomic resolution by X-ray diffraction without experimental phase information and the most immunogenic portion of the capsid forms a disordered protrusion on the virus surface.
Abstract: The structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been determined at close to atomic resolution by X-ray diffraction without experimental phase information. The virus shows similarities with other picornaviruses but also several unique features. The canyon or pit found in other picornaviruses is absent; this has important implications for cell attachment. The most immunogenic portion of the capsid, which acts as a potent peptide vaccine, forms a disordered protrusion on the virus surface.
823 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that cGAS is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses, suggesting that the reverse-transcribed HIV DNA triggers the innate immune response.
Abstract: Retroviruses, including HIV, can activate innate immune responses, but the host sensors for retroviruses are largely unknown. Here we show that HIV infection activates cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) to produce cGAMP, which binds to and activates the adaptor protein STING to induce type I interferons and other cytokines. Inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase, but not integrase, abrogated interferon-β induction by the virus, suggesting that the reverse-transcribed HIV DNA triggers the innate immune response. Knockout or knockdown of cGAS in mouse or human cell lines blocked cytokine induction by HIV, murine leukemia virus, and simian immunodeficiency virus. These results indicate that cGAS is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses.
822 citations