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Showing papers on "Visceral leishmaniasis published in 1975"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recent advances in knowledge of the immunology of cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis are reviewed with special emphasis on immunodiagnosis, on host (human and animal analog) reactions to leishmania, and on new approaches to the molecular taxonomy of leishMania.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Antigen suspensions of enzyme-treated, formalin-fixed promastigotes of three species of Leishmania were evaluated by using the direct agglutination test with serum samples from healthy individuals and patients with confirmed cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Abstract: Antigen suspensions of enzyme-treated, formalin-fixed promastigotes of three species of Leishmania (L. donovani, L. tropica, and L. braziliensis) were evaluated by using the direct agglutination test with serum samples from healthy individuals and patients with confirmed cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. High cross-reactivity was obtained with the three antigens in tests with leishmania sera. Sera from patients with kala-azar were 61% to 96% positive when tested with all three antigens. In tests with sera from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis, 81% were positive with L. donovania and L. braziliensis antigen, whereas only 54% to 55% were positive with the other two antigens. Normal sera were reactive at low dilutions of 1:16 or less with L. braziliensis antigens. Normal sera tested with L. tropica antigen reacted to a titer of 128.

83 citations


01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: A review of the literature dealing with the immunology and immunopathology of infections with Plasmodium spp. in avian, rodent, and primate hosts is reviewed for the period between 1969 and 1974.
Abstract: Abstract Literature dealing with the immunology and immunopathology of infections with Plasmodium spp. in avian, rodent, and primate hosts is reviewed for the period between 1969 and 1974. A considerable amount of current work is with three of the chief target organs in the immunopathology of malaria, namely the erythron, the spleen, and the kidney. Serodiagnosis was developed as an epidemiological tool during this period. Work has focused also on the relapse problem, particularly in conjunction with the emergence of antigenic variants in response to the production of nonsterilizing amounts of anti-plasmodial antibody. Antigenic analysis of plasmodia, actively studied during the review period, is still fragmentary and incomplete. In particular, protection-inducing antigens still need to be isolated and characterized. Progress has been made in attempts at vaccination against various plasmodial stages but, although promising, advances are still rudimentary. Humoral and cell-mediated contributions to the development of functional protection against malaria have been studied. Antibody alone can neutralize small plasmodial inocula both in vitro and in vivo, and the merozoite is suspected as the stage vulnerable to this neutralization. While humoral protection is therefore not in doubt, it is widely believed that cell-mediated reactions fortify the humoral response via a helper-cell function. However, a total consensus on this view has not yet been reached.

41 citations




Journal Article
TL;DR: The killing of infected dogs is the best protection of men whereas keeping dogs in sandfly-proof kennels from twilight until one hour after sunrise is best in order to protect this animal.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 39-year-old woman contracted visceral leishmaniasis on a 14-day visit to southern Italy and died of staphylococcal septicaemia before specific treatment could be effective, diagnostic efforts over four months having failed to make the diagnosis until four weeks before death.

4 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 39-year-old woman contracted visceral leishmaniasis on a 14-day visit to southern Italy and died of staphylococcal septicaemia before specific treatment could be effective, diagnostic efforts over four months having failed to make the diagnosis until four weeks before death as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A 39-year-old woman contracted visceral leishmaniasis on a 14-day visit to southern Italy and died of staphylococcal septicaemia before specific treatment could be effective, diagnostic efforts over four months having failed to make the diagnosis until four weeks before death. Eight further cases reported in German-speaking medical journals illustrate similar diagnostic difficulties. The disease is accompanied by septic temperatures, frequently with two daily spikes, hepato- and splenomegaly, normochromic anaemia and leucocytopenia. But diagnosis can only be made by specific tests. The organisms can be discovered in sternal puncture and organ biopsies only if the Giemsa stain is used. Complement-fixation reaction for leishmania should be tried repeatedly, in case the disease is suspected.

3 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Visceral leishmaniasis was found in three Honduran patients, and in a fourth this diagnosis was suspected because of the clinical presentation and for epidemiological reasons.
Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis was found in three Honduran patients, and in a fourth this diagnosis was suspected because of the clinical presentation and for epidemiological reasons. All four cases originated from the same general area of Honduras. Three patients lived in the same valley approximately 35 km northeast of Tegucigalpa, and were related. Two patients died without the diagnosis having been made; two are responding to specific therapy.


Journal Article
TL;DR: The results of the analysis of the polypeptide composition of a strain of Leishmania donovani isolated during an outbreak of kala azar in northern Italy are reported.
Abstract: The results of the analysis of the polypeptide composition of a strain of Leishmania donovani isolated during an outbreak of kala azar in northern Italy are reported.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In both “in vitro” lymphocyte response to mitogens and allogeneic cells was initially markedly depressed, but returned to normal within a few days after six days of treatment with N-methylglucamine antimonate.
Abstract: Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis in children are described In both "in vitro" lymphocyte response to mitogens and allogeneic cells was initially markedly depressed, but returned to normal within a few days after six days of treatment with N-methylglucamine antimonate; in one the candidin skin test reverted from negative to positive after treatment and in the other a circulating serum factor was found which strongly inhibited phytohemagglutinin--and mixed--responsiveness of normal lymphocytes, but disappeared after therapy