Showing papers on "Viseme published in 1975"

Analysis and Synthesis of Speech Using a Broad-band Spectral Representation

Abstract: Speech as a unique type of auditory input has specific ways of central processing. However, the peripheral stages of auditory processing in the inner ear for speech and non-speech sounds cannot be very different. The commonly used formant analysis is rather specific for speech, and related to speech production. We prefer a spectral analysis more in line with the frequency analyzing properties of the inner ear. Such a rather wide-band frequency analysis (1/3-octave filters) can result in an excellent discrimination between speech sounds. In this paper we give some preliminary results of a resynthesis of speech sounds, based on parameters derived from this broad-band spectral information. Intelligible speech is obtained, even after a further data reduction.

Articulatory and Acoustic Characteristics of Speech Sounds

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents the articulatory and acoustic characteristics of speech sounds. The acoustic characteristics of the speech signal are a consequence of the way the component sounds are produced by the vocal apparatus. The chapter also presents a basic knowledge of the wealth of acoustic information present in the speech signal. It describes the acoustic characteristics of the English phonemes as represented in spectrograms. Various classes of speech sounds have different acoustic patterns as a consequence of the different classes of articulatory gestures required to produce them. Each sound is characterized by several concentrations of energy at various frequency locations. In addition, stop, fricative, and affricate phonemes have energy in many frequency bands as a result of their noise-like sound source. When speech sounds occur in succession, there is a noticeable acoustic transition from one sound to the next as the articulators are in flight between the postures required for each of the individual sounds. The shape and location of this transition is determined by the formants of the two adjacent sounds, which are thought to convey most of the place of articulation information. Although there are articulatory, and thus acoustic, transitions among all contiguous speech sounds, the actual place of articulation of a given sound is altered as a function of sounds that precede or follow it. This phenomenon is called coarticulation and is undirectional or bidirectional.

Problems of Validity in Connection with the Concept of Auditory Discrimination between Speech Sounds

Abstract: Skjelf jord, V. J. 1975. Problems of Validity in Connection with the Concept of Auditory Discrimination between Speech Sounds. Scand. J. educ. Res. 19,153—173. Reading problems and articulatory defects are both said to derive from difficulties in discriminating between speech sounds. This hypothesis rests on the assumption that phonemes are sounds functioning in the production and perception of speech. An important theoretical consequence of the assumption is that correct pronunciation precludes discrimination difficulties. An attempt is made to show that the connection repeatedly found between reading scores and scores on tests for auditive discrimination between speech sounds in children with no articulatory defects, results from the fact that the tests really measure a special skill in phonemic segmentation, a skill which is promoted by the instruction in reading. The acquisition of this skill also explains the decrease in articulatory defects in this period.