Showing papers on "Visual perception published in 1982"
Book•
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Marr's posthumously published Vision (1982) influenced a generation of brain and cognitive scientists, inspiring many to enter the field of visual perception as discussed by the authors, where the process of vision constructs a set of representations, starting from a description of the input image and culminating with three-dimensional objects in the surrounding environment, a central theme and one that has had farreaching influence in both neuroscience and cognitive science, is the notion of different levels of analysis.
Abstract: "David Marr's posthumously published Vision (1982) influenced a generation of brain and cognitive scientists, inspiring many to enter the field. In Vision, Marr describes a general framework for understanding visual perception and touches on broader questions about how the brain and its functions can be studied and understood. Researchers from a range of brain and cognitive sciences have long valued Marr's creativity, intellectual power, and ability to integrate insights and data from neuroscience, psychology, and computation. This MIT Press edition makes Marr's influential work available to a new generation of students and scientists. In Marr's framework, the process of vision constructs a set of representations, starting from a description of the input image and culminating with a description of three-dimensional objects in the surrounding environment. A central theme, and one that has had far-reaching influence in both neuroscience and cognitive science, is the notion of different levels of analysis--in Marr's framework, the computational level, the algorithmic level, and the hardware implementation level. Now, thirty years later, the main problems that occupied Marr remain fundamental open problems in the study of perception. Vision provides inspiration for the continuing efforts to integrate knowledge from cognition and computation to understand vision and the brain."--MIT CogNet.
5,482 citations
607 citations
TL;DR: Training improves the ability of human observers to discriminate between two similar directions of motion, specific to the direction on which an observer is trained, and it endures for several months.
Abstract: Training improves the ability of human observers to discriminate between two similar directions of motion. This gradual improvement is specific to the direction on which an observer is trained, and it endures for several months. Improvement does not affect motion perception generally, nor does it depend on recognition of details of the movement.
366 citations
TL;DR: Three experiments on tachistoscopic perception of visual stimuli demonstrate that the visual system is sensitive to global topological properties, and indicates that extraction of globalTopological properties is a basic factor in perceptual organization.
Abstract: Three experiments on tachistoscopic perception of visual stimuli demonstrate that the visual system is sensitive to global topological properties. The results indicate that extraction of global topological properties is a basic factor in perceptual organization.
299 citations
TL;DR: It was shown that sensitivity to abrupt changes in the trajectory of moving gratings is lowered during saccades, and mechanisms sensitive to movement and transients are damped during sAccades, so preventing perception of image motion during s Accades and thereby preserving visual stability.
Abstract: 1. Horizontal gratings flashed for 20 ms were used to compare visual contrast sensitivity during horizontal saccades with sensitivity during normal vision, at three luminance levels, 4 X 10(2), 4 X 10(-2), and 4 X 10(-4) cd/m2. 2. Greatest sensitivity loss during saccades was found at low spatial frequencies. There is little or no loss at high spatial frequencies. 3. As luminance level is decreased there is a decrease in the spatial frequency below which saccadic sensitivity loss occurs. This shift in spatial frequency with luminance level, considered in conjunction with measurements of stationary and drifting gratings, indicates the functional involvement of movement sensitive mechanisms in saccadic sensitivity loss. 4. At the two lower luminance levels (4 X 10(-2) and 4 X 10(-4) cd/m2) sensitivity during saccades is greater than normal at high spatial frequencies. This enhancement of sensitivity was confirmed by forced choice measurements. 5. It was also shown that sensitivity to abrupt changes in the trajectory of moving gratings is lowered during saccades. 6. It is concluded that mechanisms sensitive to movement and transients are damped during saccades, so preventing perception of image motion during saccades and thereby preserving visual stability.
186 citations
TL;DR: The influence of extraretinal eye position information on visual localization is suppressed by a structured visual field but is crucial both in darkness and for intersensory localization if visual capture is prevented.
Abstract: In darkness, observers partially paralyzed with curare make large (greater thn 20 degrees) gaze- and dosage-dependent errors in visually localizing eye-level-horizontal and median planes, in matching the location of a sound to a light, and in pointing at a light. In illuminated, structured visual localization and pointing are accurate but errors in auditory-to-visual matches remain. Defects in extraretinal eye position information are responsible for all errors. The influence of extraretinal eye position information on visual localization is suppressed by a structured visual field but is crucial both in darkness and for intersensory localization if visual capture is prevented.
179 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that a wide variety of perceptual deficits--all of which are concerned with meaningful visual stimuli--can be encompassed by the notion of faulty perceptual categorization at an early post-sensory stage of object recognition.
Abstract: It is well established that disorders of visual perception are associated with lesions in the right hemisphere. Performances on tasks as disparate as the identification of objects from unusual views of objects drawn so as to overlap, of fragmented letters, of familiar faces, and of anomalous features in drawings, have been shown to be impaired in patients with focal right posterior lesions. A series of investigations are reviewed, directed towards analysing the basis of these deficits. Explanations in terms of primary visual impairment can be rejected, as can an account in terms of faulty figure-ground organization. It is argued that a wide variety of such perceptual deficits--all of which are concerned with meaningful visual stimuli--can be encompassed by the notion of faulty perceptual categorization at an early post-sensory stage of object recognition. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that some of these various perceptual deficits can be mutually dissociated. The concept of perceptual categorization is discussed in the wider context of tentative model of object recognition.
176 citations
TL;DR: The strong similarity of the visual and tactile matrices from this study lends additional support to the claim that visual recognition of low-pass filtered characters, to a first approximation, can be taken as a model of tactile recognition of small two-dimensional raised patterns.
Abstract: Confusion matrices were compiled for uppercase letters and for braille characters presented to observers in two ways: as raised touch stimuli and as visual stimuli that had been optically filtered of their higher spatial frequencies. These and other existing matrices were subjected to a number of analyses, including the choice model and hierarchical clustering. The strong similarity of the visual and tactile matrices from this study lends additional support to the claim that visual recognition of low-pass filtered characters, to a first approximation, can be taken as a model of tactile recognition of small two-dimensional raised patterns. Besides this, the analysis questions the widely held assumption that response bias contributes significantly to the stimulus-response contingencies in a character-recognition task.
110 citations
106 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggested that visual perception is an important correlate of reading achievement, but the proportion of explained variance in reading skills was contingent on the combination of visual and reading variables considered.
Abstract: A review of research examines the relationship between visual perceptual skills and reading achievement using meta-analysis to integrate statistically the results from 161 studies. A total of 1,571 correlation coefficients were collected and aggregated across eight visual perceptual skills, six reading abilities, three grade levels, and three subject groups. Additionally, a correlation matrix was constructed and used for a factor analysis, cannonical correlation analysis, and step-wise multiple regression analysis descriptive of the relationship among and between visual perceptual skills, intelligence, and reading achievement variables. The findings suggested that visual perception is an important correlate of reading achievement, but the proportion of explained variance in reading skills was contingent on the combination of visual and reading variables considered. It was concluded that visual perceptual skills should be included in the complex of factors predictive of reading achievement.
TL;DR: The extent to which children's visual memories were modified by subsequent verbal information was examined and the increasing interdependence of the verbal and visual systems with age was illustrated.
Abstract: The extent to which children's visual memories were modified by subsequent verbal information was examined. In 2 experiments, 6-, 8-, and 10-year-old children and college students were asked questions after being shown slides. Some questions described events that appeared in the slides and other questions described events not depicted. In experiment 1 correct recall of the visual events was facilitated by congruent verbal information and impaired by incongruent verbal information. When subjects demonstrated good memory for the original visual events, the effects of the verbal information increased with age. In experiment 2, the effects of verbal information on visual recognition performance were evaluated. Correct recognition of study slides and false recognition of distractor slides increased when the questions presented information depicted in the appropriate slides. Again, the influence of verbal information increased with age only when subjects demonstrated correct recognition of control slides. These results illustrate the increasing interdependence of the verbal and visual systems with age.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the basis for training visual abilities to enhance sports performance and concluded that visual training is transferable to the performance of the athlete. But, they also pointed out that the experimental design of these studies suffers from inadequate experimental design.
Abstract: The basis for training visual abilities to enhance sports performance is explored. Optometric intervention in sports assumes the following statements to be true: 1. Athletes have better visual abilities than non-athletes and better athletes have better visual abilities than the poorer athletes, 2. Visual abilities are trainable, and 3. Visual training is transferable to the performance of the athlete. The literature demonstrates that athletes have better visual abilities than non-athletes. Studies have shown this to be true in the following areas of vision: Larger extent of visual fields, larger fields of recognition (peripheral acuity), larger motion perception fields, lower amounts of heterophoria at near and far, more consistent simultaneous vision, more accurate depth perception, better dynamic visual acuity, and better ocular motilities. The literature also shows that all of the above skills are trainable. Two studies are cited that support the belief that visual training is transferable to athletic performance but they suffer from inadequate experimental design.
TL;DR: It is proposed to undertake a systematic study of the frequency of visual perceptual disturbances in the elderly and of what other pathologies, particularly cognitive and visual, may be associated with them.
Abstract: The literature, classical and modern, on visual perceptual disturbances in the elderly is reviewed. The utility of the concept of the Charles Bonnet Syndrome, an eponym originally coined to describe visual hallucinations in the elderly in the absence of cognitive impairment and peripheral ophthalmopathy, is challenged, particularly as the syndrome has become progressively enlarged. Three representative cases of elderly patients who have developed different types of visual perceptual disturbances are described. It is proposed to undertake a systematic study of the frequency of such disturbances in the elderly and of what other pathologies, particularly cognitive and visual, may be associated with them.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Theoretical foundations of visual literacy were identified in this article, where the authors identify the theoretical foundations of Visual Literacy and Visual Verbal Languaging (VVL).
Abstract: (1982). Identifying The Theoretical Foundations of Visual Literacy. Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 37-42.
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of 241 convicts, most of whom were between 20 and 35 years of age, was factored to explore the idea that in performances that are believed to indicate human intelligence there are organizations among visual and auditory functions that operate independently from the relation-perceiving and correlate-educing functions of fluid and crystallized intelligence.
TL;DR: A subject with an unually large cortical scotoma, leaving a 9 degrees hemifield of vision in each eye, showed improvement with practice in pointing to an oscillating target positioned within the scotomas, though oscillating targets were always located more accurately.
TL;DR: The general hypothesis that the Transcendental Meditation technique involves a reduction of habitual patterns of perceptual and conceptual activation resulting in more effective application of schemata to new information and less distracting mental activity during performance was supported.
Abstract: This study investigates the effects of the regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique on habitual patterns of visual perception and verbal problem solving. The study’s predictions were expressed in the context of Norman’s model, which suggests that meditation reduces conceptually driven processes. It was specifically hypothesized that the TM technique involves a reduction of habitual patterns of perceptual and conceptual activation, resulting in (1) more effective application of schemata to new information and (2) less distracting mental activity during performance. This was predicted to result in improved task performance on task conditions in which either (1) habitual patterns of performance hinder or do not aid performance or (2) habitual patterns aid performance. Subjects began the TM technique, relaxed, or added nothing to their daily schedule for 2-week periods. In addition to generalized effects of the interventions, the immediate effects of the TM technique, relaxation, and reading were compared on a letter perception task. The general hypothesis was supported for tasks of tachistoscopic identification of card and letter-sequence stimuli, but not for the verbal problem solving task of anagram solution.
TL;DR: The data at hand seem to indicate that the central retina is more ‘specialized’ for motion perception than the peripheral retina.
Abstract: Literature dealing with the peripheral retina and its 'specialization for motion detection' is reviewed. The data at hand seem to indicate that the central retina is more 'specialized' for motion perception than the peripheral retina. It is clear that motion improves vision for stimuli presented peripherally.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of visual monitoring in between-hand differences in skilled manual movements, eye movements and performance during bimanual aiming tasks were analysed. And the results were interpreted as showing that the difference in skilled movements are mainly due to the different efficiency in the use of visual monitors.
Abstract: To examine the role of visual monitoring in the between-hand differences in skilled manual movements, eye movements and performance during bimanual aiming tasks were analysed. When subjects were required to make bimanual aiming responses to symmetrically placed targets, they preferentially monitored the movements of the right hand, resulting in better performance on the right hand. In addition, manipulation of the subject's gaze showed that the movements of the right hand were more influenced by visual monitoring than those of the left hand. The results were interpreted as showing that the between-hand differences in skilled movements are mainly due to the different efficiency in the use of visual monitoring.
TL;DR: It is argued that two processes are involved in the visual perception of shapes moving behind narrow apertures, and it is demonstrated that shapes seen in this way have some of the same properties as conventionally presented shapes.
Abstract: We argue that two processes are involved in the visual perception of shapes moving behind narrow apertures. “Retinal painting” occurs when the eyes are free to pursue the moving shape and when the traverse time across the aperture is sufficiently short to allow visual persistence of the temporally successive views. When pursuit eye movements do not occur, however, the shape may still be perceived if it moves relatively slowly. The latter kind of perception does not involve seeing all the parts of the shape simultaneously (as in the case with retinal painting) but we demonstrate that shapes seen in this way have some of the same properties as conventionally presented shapes. The discussion emphasises the relevance of these findings to general problems in movement perception. We use Hochberg's term “aperture viewing” in preference to the alternative “anorthoscopic effect”, use of which depends on a confusion first introduced by Zollner (1862), who referred to “eine neue Art anorthoskopischer Zerrbilder”. Th...
TL;DR: The results support an active processing model of visual perception that interprets duration of visible persistence and duration of interval in which backward masking is effective as indices of the time course of early stages in the processing of stimulus features.
Abstract: Each of four groups of 12 subjects performed four psychophysical tasks. The age ranges of the four groups were 19-31, 45-57, 58-70, and 71-83 years, respectively. All four tasks required some form of visual information processing: Two were backward-masking tasks; two were temporal-integration tasks. In all four tasks increasing temporal functions over age were obtained, suggesting slower processing rates as age increased. The results support an active processing model of visual perception that interprets duration of visible persistence and duration of interval in which backward masking is effective as indices of the time course of early stages in the processing of stimulus features. The evidences also suggests that backward masking and visible persistence may be mediated by distinct mechanisms that are affected differently by aging processes. A model that conceptualizes the visual system as a multichannel processor is proposed as an explanation for some of the findings.
TL;DR: In the early spring of 1958 I drove over to Baltimore from Washington, D.C., and in a cafeteria at Johns Hopkins Hospital met Stephen Kuffler and Torsten Wiesel, for a discussion that was more momentous for Torsten's and my future than either of us could have possibly imagined.
Abstract: In the early spring of 1958 I drove over to Baltimore from Washington, D.C., and in a cafeteria at Johns Hopkins Hospital met Stephen Kuffler and Torsten Wiesel, for a discussion that was more momentous for Torsten’s and my future than either of us could have possibly imagined. I had been at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research for three years, in the Neuropsychiatry Section headed by David Rioch, working under the supervision of M.G.F. Fuortes. I began at Walter Reed by developing a tungsten microelectrode and a technique for using it to record from chronically implanted cats, and I had been comparing the firing of cells in the visual pathways of sleeping and waking animals. It was time for a change in my research tactics. In sleeping cats only diffuse light could reach the retina through the closed eyelids. Whether the cat was asleep or awake with eyes open, diffuse light failed to stimulate the cells in the striate cortex. In waking animals I had succeeded in activating many cells with moving spots on a screen, and had found that some cells were very selective in that they responded when a spot moved in one direction across the screen (e.g. from left to right) but not when it moved in the opposite direction (1) (Fig. 1). There were many cells that I could not influence at all. Obviously there was a gold mine in the visual cortex, but methods were needed that would permit the recording of single cells for many hours, and with the eyes immobilized, if the mine were ever to begin producing. I had planned to do a postdoctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins Medical School with Vernon Mountcastle, but the timing was awkward for him because he was remodeling his laboratories. One day Kuffler called and asked if I would like to work in his laboratory at the Wilmer Institute of Ophthalmology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital with Torsten Wiesel, until the remodeling was completed. That was expected to take about a year. I didn’t have to be persuaded; some rigorous training in vision was just what I needed, and though Kuffler himself was no longer working in vision the tradition had been maintained in his laboratory. Torsten and I had visited each other’s laboratories and it was clear that we had common interests and similar outlooks. Kuffler
01 Mar 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the relationship between visual learning and instruction, and conclude that visual cognitive processes having to do with perception, the assimilation of new information, and learning by means of analogy are examined.
Abstract: This article is based on the premise that instruction involves the control of cognitive processes by means of carefully selected instructional strategies. Visual cognitive processes having to do with perception, the assimilation of new information, and learning by means of analogy are examined, and particular instructional strategies by which each process can be controlled are identified. Ways of improving mental skills (i.e., those visual processes at which the learner is relatively adept) are discussed. Conclusions are drawn regarding relationships between visual learning and instruction, and implications for research and design are examined.
TL;DR: Though the importance of the impulse response is widely recognized, a method of deriving this function from empirical data has not yet been developed, and a recent paper by Roufs and Blommaert (1981), in which the impulse responded is derived by a new method, merits attention.
TL;DR: It is concluded that tadpoles can distinguish between siblings and nonsiblings by using waterborne chemical cues alone that are probably sensed by olfaction or taste and visual stimuli alone are not sufficient for such discrimination and sound production as a means of communication in tadpole is probably unimportant.
TL;DR: Viewing a collimated image of a natural vista does not have the same effects as viewing the actual scene, the retinal locus of visible texture is the primary determinant of perceived size of objects of constant visual angle embedded in natural scenes, and it has a strong effect on accommodation to virtual images.
Abstract: : In two experiments, observers judged the apparent size of a collimated disk of light (a simulated moon) projected just above the horizon a real and virtual scenes by means of a stimulus presentation device, the 'moon machine.' As these judgments were registered, masks obscured various bands of the lower half of the visual field. Immediately following these judgments measurements of the observers' visual accommodation were made using a laser optometer. Results showed a strong correlation between mean apparent size and mean accommodation shift. Major conclusions were (1) viewing a virtual (collimated) image of a real scene is not the same as viewing the real scene, (2) for natural (real) scenes the retinal locus of scenic texture is the primary determinant of apparent size, whereas for virtual images it has a more reliable effect on visual accommodation, and (3) whatever the relationship between apparant size and visual accommodation is, their mean correlation is in excess of 0.90. These findings agree well with, and extend, those of Iavecchia, Iavecchia, and Roscoe (1978) and Simonelli and Roscoe (1979). (Author)
TL;DR: There was a significant correlation between each monkey's handedness and the hemisphere that learned more readily; the more proficient hemisphere tended to be contralateral to the preoperatively preferred hand, raising the possibility that handedness in monkeys may be more closely related to cognitive processing than is usually believed.