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Voice
About: Voice is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2393 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56637 citations.
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TL;DR: The importance of voice onset time continues to be apparent, even in running speech, although other effects of context remain to be explored.
Abstract: Recent work has led us to the conclusion that the English stop categories /bdg/ and /ptk/ are distinguished by the timing of changes in glottal aperture relative to supra-glottal ariculation. In word-initial position, the environment of current interest to us, this is manifested acoustically by voice onset time, that is, the time interval between the burst that marks release of the stop closure and the onset of quasi-periodicity which reflects laryngeal vibration. For citation forms of words this measure of voice onset time completely separates the two phonemic categories. In running speech, however, the separation is less sharp ; there is some overlap along the dimension of voice onset time. We have examined running speech in some detail to discover the extent to which certain contextual features are responsible for this overlap. It is clear that the presence of a voiceless stop in a stressed syllable makes for a greater lag in the onset of voicing. In unstressed syllables, an environment of high context...
510 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: This chapter discusses Malayalam Phonology: Suprasegmentals, which focuses on the development of syllable structure in English and its application to Strata 2, 3 and 4.
Abstract: I: Introduction.- 1.1. The Issues.- 1.2. The Historical Perspective.- 1.3. The Spiral of Progress.- Notes.- II: An Outline of the Theory: English Phonology.- 2.1. Lexical and Postlexical Rule Applications.- 2.1.1. Two Criteria.- 2.1.2. Lexical Representations.- 2.1.3. Modularity in Lexical Phonology.- 2.1.4. The Intuitions: Word Phonology and Phrase Phonology.- 2.2. Lexical Morphology.- 2.3. The Use of Morphological Information in Phonology.- 2.3.1. Junctures and Rule Blocking.- 2.3.2. Junctures as Triggers: Bracket Erasure.- 2.3.3. Consequences of Bracket Erasure.- 2.4. How Many Strata in English?.- 2.4.1. Stratum 2 vs. Stratum 3: Stem Final Tensing.- 2.4.2. Syllable Structure in English.- 2.4.3. Strata 2,3 and 4: Syllabic Consonants.- 2.4.4. More on Strata 2, 3 and 4: [1] Velarization.- 2.4.5. Linking [r] in Nonrhotic Accents.- 2.4.6. Summary.- 2.5. Rules, Domains, and Stratum Ordering.- 2.5.1. Why Domains?.- 2.5.2. Multiple Stratum Domain in Phonology.- 2.5.3. Multiple Stratum Domain in Morphology.- 2.5.4. Marked and Unmarked Options.- 2.5.5. The Metaphor of Stratal Organization.- 2.5.6. Cycles and Strata.- 2.5.7. Cyclic and Noncyclic Strata.- 2.5.8. The Loop.- 2.6. The Mental Representation of Lexical Entries.- 2.6.1. Actual and Potential Words.- 2.6.2. Productivity: Phonological Rules and Performance.- 2.6.3. The Productivity Continuum.- Notes.- III: Malayalam Phonology: Segmentals.- 3.1. The Lexical Alphabet.- 3.1.1. Lexical Contrasts.- 3.1.2. Voicing of Stops.- 3.1.3. Lenition of Stops.- 3.1.4. Schwa Onglide after Voiced Stops.- 3.2. The Underlying Alphabet.- 3.2.1. Nasals: Place and Nasality Assimilations.- 3.2.2. Other Rules for Nasals.- 3.2.3. Underlying Stops.- 3.3. Syllable Structure in Malayalam.- 3.3.1. The Syllable Template.- 3.3.2. Glide Formation.- 3.3.3. Schwa Insertion.- 3.4. Lexical Strata in Malayalam.- 3.4.1. Productivity, Sanskrit and Dravidian.- 3.4.2. Two Types of Compounding.- 3.4.3. Schwa Insertion in Compounds.- 3.4.4. Degemination of Sonorants.- 3.4.5. Stem-Initial Gemination.- 3.4.6. Stem-Final Gemination.- 3.4.7. Postsonorant Gemination.- 3.4.8. Nasal Deletion.- 3.4.9. Vowel Lengthening.- 3.4.10. Vowel Sandhi.- 3.5. Summary.- Notes.- IV: Malayalam Phonology: Suprasegmentals.- 4.1. The Loop in Malayalam Morphology.- 4.2. Stress and Word Melody.- 4.2.1. Stress.- 4.2.2. Word Melody.- 4.3. The Domain of Stress and Word Melody.- 4.4. Schwa Insertion and Word Melody.- 4.5. An Ordering Paradox.- 4.6. The Effect of the Loop on Stress and Word Melody.- Notes.- V: Accessing Morphological Information.- 5.1. Types of Nonphonological Information in Phonology.- 5.2. Boundaries.- 5.2.1. Boundaries, Concatenation, and Domains.- 5.2.2. Boundary Assignment in SPE.- 5.2.3. Concatenation/Stratum vs. Boundary/Bracket Theories.- 5.3. Domains as Node Labels on Trees.- 5.3.1. Selkirk's Theory.- 5.3.2. Lexicalist Phonology: Concatenation, Stratum and Brackets.- 5.4. Hierarchical Structure in Morphology Notes.- VI: The Postlexical Module.- 6.1. Syntactic and Postsyntactic Modules.- 6.1.1. Accessing Syntactic Information in Phonology.- 6.1.2. Phonological Rules Sensitive to Syntax.- 6.1.3. Phonological Phrases.- 6.1.4. Preview.- 6.2. Speech as Implementation of Phonetic Representation.- 6.3. The Nature of Phonetic Representations.- 6.3.1. Phonetic Features on a Scale.- 6.3.2. How Abstract are Phonetic Representations?.- 6.3.3. The Status of Segments in Phonetic Representations.- 6.4. Language-Specific Implementational Phenomena.- 6.5. Types of Subsegmental Phenomena.- 6.5.1. Timing of Articulatory Gestures.- 6.5.2. Coordination of Articulatory Gestures.- 6.5.3. Degree of Articulatory Gestures.- 6.5.4. Enhancement as Phonetic Implementation.- 6.6. Underlying and Lexical Alphabets.- 6.7. Phonological Structure and Phonetic Implementation.- 6.8. Phonetic Implementation and Classical Phonemics.- 6.8.1. Conditions Relating the Phonemic and Phonetic Levels.- 6.8.2. The Nature of the Mapping.- Notes.- VII: Lexical Phonology and Psychological Reality.- 7.1. The Nature of Evidence in Phonology.- 7.1.1. Corpus vs. Speaker Behaviour.- 7.1.2. Internal and External Evidence.- 7.2. Speaker Judgments.- 7.2.1. Judgments on the Number of Segments.- 7.2.2. Judgments on Segment Distinctions.- 7.2.3. The Perceptual Grid.- 7.2.4. What the Speakers Think They Are Saying or Hearing.- 7.3. Phonemic Orthography.- 7.4. Conventions of Sound Patterning in Versification.- 7.4.1. Rhyme in English.- 7.4.2. Rhyme in Malayalam.- 7.4.3. Metre in Malayalam.- Notes.- Conclusion.- References.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.
508 citations
TL;DR: Differences in phonation type signal important linguistic information in many languages, including contrasts between otherwise identical lexical items and boundaries of prosodic constituents, according to a recurring set of articulatory, acoustic, and timing properties.
479 citations
433 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: Teaching, listening, comprehension: identifying the problem recognising the code processing the complete text purposeful listening the social context of listening using the context to make predictions making inferences methodology using the phonological cues learning to use contextual information drawing constrained inferences.
Abstract: Part 1 The need to teach the comprehension of spoken English: "slow colloquial English" and normal speech "testing" or "teaching" comprehension? the nature of comprehension the processes of comprehension the accent of English described in this book. Part 2 "Ideal" segments, syllables and words: the phoneme the consonants of English place of articulation voicing and voicelessness the vowels of English the transcription of vowels the "ideal" syllable and the "ideal" word. Part 3 The function of rhythm: the rhythmic structure of English stressed and unstressed syllables pause - rests in rhythm the function of stress word stress stressed words in sentences. Part 4 Patterns of simplification in informal speech: adjustment to surroundings elision word boundary markers consonants and vowels in the stream of speech reduction in visual cues. Part 5 The function of intonation: the "ideal" organisation of tone groups the "ideal" placing of the tonic tone group and tonic in spontaneous speech pitch direction. Part 6 Paralinguistic features: pitch span placing in the voice range direction of pitch tempo loudness voice setting articulatory setting articulatory precision timing of segments and syllables lip setting pause constructing a framework using the paralinguistic features. Part 7 Teaching, listening, comprehension: identifying the problem recognising the code processing the complete text purposeful listening the social context of listening combining the approaches bottom up processing - the phonological code topdown processing - using the context to make predictions making inferences methodology using the phonological cues learning to use contextual information drawing constrained inferences.
407 citations