Showing papers on "Voltage regulator published in 1977"

Topological generation and analysis of voltage multiplier circuits

Abstract: Voltage multipliers are used for transformerless conversion of an ac input voltage \upsilon_i(t)= E \sin \omega t into a dc output voltage V_{out} = nE , where n \geq 2 . This paper investigates the topological properties of voltage multiplier circuits and presents a unified approach for generating new voltage-multiplier circuit structures. In particular, an algorithm is presented for generating n -fold voltage multipliers with n capacitors and n diodes. A theorem is presented for finding the dc capacitor voltages by inspection when no load current is drawn. For the case with load, explicit formulas for the output de voltage and the output resistance are given. Using the algorithm developed in this paper, three new voltage quadrupler circuits are generated and shown to have an output resistance only one-half of the conventional ladder quadrupler circuit.

Integrated circuit with threshold regulation

Abstract: Threshold voltage regulation of field-effect transistors on a common substrate of an integrated circuit is achieved by adjusting the back bias on the substrate using a charge pump that is selectively operated whenever the threshold voltage of a designated enhancement mode FET falls below a reference voltage. A voltage divider provides the reference voltage that is applied to the gate of the enhancement mode FET, which when turned-on enables the charge pump.

Cross regulation in an energy-storage DC-to-DC converter with two regulated outputs

Abstract: A model of a two-output voltage step-up/current step-up dc-to-dc converter is presented which demonstrates how the leakage flux associated with the energy-storage transformer affects cross regulation. First, expressions are derived which show the strong influence that leakage flux has on the secondary current waveforms. Then, after imposing steady-state constraints on the two equations describing the secondary current waveshapes, the cross regulation performance of the converter can be predicted. A comparison of predicted and observed results suggests that this model can be a useful tool for understanding converter cross regulation performance as well as for guiding the design of the energy-storage transformer in a multiple-output converter.

Regulated power supply having a series arrangement of inverters

Abstract: A regulated power supply which may be of the A.C.-to-D.C. type utilizes a ries arrangement of inverters because of a voltage rating of these inverters with respect to the magnitude of the D.C. driving voltage available either as a consequence of rectifying an A.C. voltage source or other reasons. The regulator has a self-balancing feature which insures that all of the inverters equally share the D.C. driving voltage and also includes a protection feature which safeguards the inverters against damage caused by a malfunction of any one of the units.

Voltage-current-power meter for photovoltaic solar arrays

Abstract: A meter is disclosed for measuring the voltage, current, and power (VIP) parameters of a photovoltaic solar array, or array module, under sunlight operating conditions utilizing a variable load connected across the array and controlled by a voltage regulator which responds to the difference between the output voltage of the array and a programmed test voltage from a source which generates a single ramp voltage for measuring and recording current as a function of voltage, repeated ramp voltages at a high rate for peak output measurements or a DC voltage for VIP measurements at selected points on the I-V characteristic curve of the array. The voltage signal from a current sensing element, such as a shunt resistor in series with the variable load, is compared with the output current of a reference solar cell to provide a normalizing signal to be added to the signal from the current-sensing element in order to provide a record of array current as a function of array voltage, i.e., for all load conditions from short circuit to open circuit. As the normalized current is thus measured, an analog multiplier multiplies the array voltage and normalized current to provide a measurement of power. Switches are provided to selectively connect the power, P, current, I, or voltage, V, to a meter, directly or through a peak detector. At the same time any one of the parameters V, I and P may be recorded as a function of any other parameter.

Communication circuit with combined power feed and data transmission over a phantom channel

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a four conductor circuit arrangement providing two communication channels between a control unit and a terminal device. Power feed and bi-directional signalling are accomplished simultaneously over the same four conductors used for the two commmunication channels without interference. The signalling from the control unit to the terminal is accomplished by means of a voltage modulator circuit in the control unit by which voltage pulses are transmitted via a phantom circuit arrangement over the four conductors to the terminal unit. The voltage pulses are sensed from the phantom circuit in a data receiver which is located at the terminal unit. Connected to the phantom circuit in the terminal unit is a voltage regulator circuit which receives power from the control unit via the four conductor phantom circuit interconnecting the control unit and the terminal. In series with the voltage regulator circuit is a constant current sink and an inductor. A current modulator circuit is provided in parallel for impressing current data pulses generated in the terminal onto the phantom circuit, which are, in turn, received by a receiver circuit in the control unit. A preferred data format is disclosed as a method for transmitting information between the control unit and the terminal. The preferred embodiment for the disclosed four conductor communication circuit and the disclosed data format is in a key telephone system in which the control unit is a station card in a key service unit and the terminal is a key telephone station set.

Over-current protection circuit for voltage regulator

Abstract: A control transistor in the over-current protection circuitry of a voltage regulator is connected in a regenerative latch circuit with a complementary-conductivity auxiliary transistor, whereby conduction once initiated in said control transistor tends to be sustained. This avoids the tendency towards rapid oscillation between shut-down and power-up conditions in the over-current protection circuitry. The regenerative latch circuit loads the capacitor that supplies its sustaining current so heavily that the potential thereacross decays, the decay finally advancing to the point where regeneration halts. The resulting non-conduction of the control transistor permits the voltage regulator to attempt to resume the power-up condition. The present invention is an improvement in such a voltage regulator wherein circuitry is provided for rapidly recharging the capacitor for supplying sustaining current during this attempt. The recurrence of this cycle during short-circuit loading conditions leads to a relaxation oscillator mode of operation with the power-up duty cycle being sufficiently low that the components of the voltage regulator are kept from being damaged by overheating.

DC voltage converter and shock-type high voltage utilization devices

Abstract: A DC voltage converter includes an oscillator that converts a DC battery voltage to an oscillating voltage, a low voltage transformer that increases the oscillating voltage to a higher oscillating voltage, and a voltage rectifying-capacitor charging network or multiplier that increases the higher oscillating voltage to yet a higher DC voltage at an output terminal for DC high voltage utilization devices and the like. An electric control switch is selectively actuated by the user to apply the battery voltage to the oscillator, resulting in the generation of the stepped-up DC voltage at an output terminal. Another DC voltage converter has an electronic switching circuit that automatically turns the oscillator on and off and a load capacitor across the electrodes that is charged and discharged to provide a shocking voltage. Utilization devices for the voltage developed by the converter shown are a miniature animal training device and a cattle prod device. The miniature animal training device has a pair of outwardly projecting electrodes mounted on a side at one end of the housing that is sized and shaped to fit within and conform to the palm of a hand. The cattle prod device has a pair of electrodes fixedly mounted on the end of a housing assembly made up of telescoping tubular housing sections arranged for relative axial movement whereby the pressing of the electrodes against an object to be shocked actuates the electric control switch and causes a shock of the object. The housing assembly is releasably supported by a rigid handle or an extensible handle assembly.

Metal-oxide-semiconductor voltage reference

Abstract: An MOS voltage reference includes four MOS transistors connected in feedback circuit relationship, with the ratio of device width to length being essentially the same in the first two devices in order to provide an output voltage which is substantially constant over a range of input voltages and of temperatures.

Protective integrated circuit network, particularly for connection to an inductive load

Abstract: To permit entire integration of a control circuit to switch an inductive load, and protect the integrated control circuit against inductive voltage kicks, voltage surges, and reverse polarity, a series circuit including a diode, which may be constructed as a transistor in diode connection, and a voltage limiting element, typically a Zener diode, or a Zener diode controlled transistor, or four-layer diode are connected in parallel to the main switching path of the semiconductor element which controls current flow through the inductive load, thereby eliminating the necessity of the free wheeling and anti-conductive voltage kick diode which, in combination with the inherent substrate diodes of the inductive circuit, might lead to the damage, or destruction of the IC.

Electrical power unit

Abstract: An electrical power unit adapted to increase the DC power output of an electrical generating system of the type including a DC storage battery and an alternator which delivers AC voltage to the generating system. The AC voltage is stepped down and rectified to produce a first DC voltage. A voltage regulator having a field output connected to the field winding of the alternator, and an input connected to the battery and the first DC voltage, is operative to control the field winding of the alternator to maintain the first DC voltage at a relatively constant level. The first DC voltage may be applied to the battery to supply power thereto and to any load which may be connected to the battery. Increased power is provided when the regulator forces the alternator to produce AC voltage at a higher than normal voltage. When this higher voltage is stepped down and rectified to provide normal system DC voltage, greater than normal DC power is provided. In another embodiment of the present invention the alternator AC voltage is also stepped down and rectified to produce a third DC voltage of higher voltage than both the first DC voltage and the battery voltage. The third DC voltage provides higher than normal voltage to the voltage regulator and hence to the field winding of the alternator, enabling it to produce still greater power. Since the third DC voltage makes the alternator self exciting, once started, the alternator will continue to produce adequate power levels even though the battery should become partially or completely discharged.

A 2.5 KV high-reliability TWT power supply: Design techniques for high efficiency and low ripple

Abstract: A power supply designed to operate a high-efficiency, ten-watt TWT used as the power amplifier in a communications satellite is described. The electrical environment in which the power supply must operate and the required functional outputs are defined. Emphasis is placed on efficiency and regulation of the high-voltage converter. Operation is outlined by use of a functional block diagram and description of the primary power-handling circuits. Command, monitoring, and fault control, while vital to the proper operation of the amplifier, are not topics of this paper. The high-voltage converter achieves primary regulation through pulse-width modulation. The basic relationships which control its design, and the base drive circuit used to modulate the pulse width are described. An energyrecovery system using a two-winding inductor is employed in conjunction with the buck-mode converter. The principal sources of dissipation in the supply, contained in the highvoltage converter, are described. Relationships governing the dissipative loss in each are developed, and solved by use of a computer program. The results are presented in terms of graphs showing the effect on overall loss of varying critical parameters. Control of ripple, both externally imposed and internally developed, is a primary consideration of the power supply design. Its accomplishment is described in terms of the primary regulator, supplemental regulation by means of a linear regulator, and filtering at both input and output. Results of the design effort are summarized by a presentation of operational characteristics, and a brief description of the packaging.

Voltage regulator and current regulator

Abstract: A voltage regulator including a current regulator for maintaining predetermined currents in the voltage regulator is disclosed. The voltage regulator includes an output terminal for providing an output voltage; an adjustment terminal; and a control circuit connected to the output terminal at a level that differs from the voltage at the adjustment terminal by a predetermined voltage difference. The control circuit of the voltage regulator includes a resistive divider coupled between the output terminal and the adjustment terminal; a pair of transistors having their collectors connected in common and their bases respectively coupled to the resistive divider to provide a portion of the voltage difference between the output terminal and the adjustment terminal across their bases. The two transistors are adapted for operating at different current densities for providing a predetermined ratio in current flow through the pair of transistors when the voltage difference between the output terminal and the adjustment terminal is the predetermined voltage difference. The control circuit further includes a high-gain amplifier circuit connected to the emitters of the pair of transistors and to the output terminal for driving the output terminal to a maintained voltage level at which the current flow through the pair of transistors is at the predetermined current ratio and the voltage difference between the output terminal and the adjustment terminal is the predetermined voltage difference. The disclosed voltage regulator is useful as a negative voltage regulator.

Dual voltage network electrical power supply system, particularly for automotive vehicles

Abstract: A three-phase alternator has tapped armature windings, the tap points being connected to provide 12 V output and to a main battery. The end terminals of the armature windings are connected to an auxiliary rectifier, the output of which is connected to an auxiliary battery which is serially connected to the main battery, so that the two batteries are serially connected like the serial connection of the armature winding portions. A single voltage regulator, which may be connected to the auxiliary rectifier, or can be separately supplied by separately rectified current controls current flow through the field. The voltage regulator can be connected to the end terminals of the armature windings so that the field will be energized at the higher voltage level corresponding to the series voltages of both batteries, and permitting use of the auxiliary rectifier also as a field rectifier. A typical high voltage load in an automotive vehicle is the starter, used only intermittently and for short periods, but at high power levels.

Automatic portable solid state voltage regulator tester

Abstract: An automatic, portable solid state voltage regulator tester, specifically made for testing Ford and General Motors regulators. The face of the tester has contacts arranged for the manual application of either of the regulators and the regulator under test is held against these contacts with the thumb. A merit switch is pressed and if the meter rises to a marked area, pauses for a moment, and then drops to zero, the regulator is satisfactory. If the meter does not rise, or if it rises but does not drop back to zero, then the regulator is defective.

Battery charging systems for road vehicles

Abstract: A battery charging system includes an alternator, a main rectifier for charging the battery, and an auxiliary rectifier for supplying current to the alternator field winding under control of its voltage regulator 20 A first transistor switch is sensitive to under voltage to illuminate a first warning light and a second transistor switch is sensitive to over voltage to illuminate a second warning light The two transistor switches are cross-connected so that failure of either light causes illumination of the other

Television cathode ray tube having a voltage divider providing temperature-invariant voltage and associated method

Abstract: An improved internal voltage divider for use in a television cathode ray tube is disclosed that provides one or more temperature-invariant voltages. The tube is subject to internal spatial temperature patterns fixed or varying with time which are incidental to tube warm-up and operation. The voltage divider according to the invention is comprised of at least two electrically series connected resistive sections having like temperature coefficients, and having resistive values of the same order of magnitude. Each section is so positioned and arranged relative to the aforesaid temperature patterns as to have similar average temperature experiences. The voltage divider is connected between a relatively high anode voltage and a suitable low-voltage terminal for receiving a relatively low voltage through the base of the tube. Means are provided for tapping off at least one temperature-invariant intermediate voltage. Due to the similiarity of the spatial average temperature experiences of the resistive sections comprising the voltage divider, the ratio of the resistive values of the resistive sections, and thus the ratio of voltage drops thereacross does not change despite variations in the temperature patterns. An associated method provides for positioning and arranging the discrete sections comprising the voltage divider.

Automotive voltage regulator to control voltge supply to an on-board vehicle network

Abstract: To permit selective control of the voltage level of the on-board vehicle network as a function of battery voltage or exciter field control voltage of an automotive alternator, and continued operation of the regulator in spite of malfunction of control connections to the regulator, a voltage divide which supplies a voltage regulating element is formed with an additional tap thereon, the additional tap being connected to a current supply which supplies current to the voltage regulator to modify the voltge level of the tap supplying the control potential to the voltage regulator. The voltge regulator includes a controlled semiconductor switch which is selectively energized in accordance with voltage level at the main tap of the voltage divider with respect to a reference level. If, as customary, the control voltage is the battery voltge, a switch-over circit in the regulator changes the command voltage to the field exciter voltage in case of a break in the connection between generator and battery, control is effected with respect to a constant voltage, the break being indicated by faint illumination of the charge control indicator lamp, or discharge of a battery charge indicator instrument to supply a warning indication.

Resonant switching converter

Abstract: A DC to DC converter employs resonant switching to turn switching power devices on and off at zero current. Two series resonant circuits are formed by two inductors connected in series between a voltage source and a power switch and a capacitor connected between the junction of the two inductors and a source of reference potential. The values of the two inductors are chosen so that the natural resonant frequency of the second inductor and the capacitor is high compared to the natural resonant frequency of the first inductor and the capacitor. The power switch may be a semiconductor switch, such as a silicon controlled rectifier or a junction transistor. Both non-isolated and isolated outputs may be provided in buck or boost conversion. The converter can be used as a voltage regulator by the addition of output sensing, comparison with a reference voltage, and suitable on-off control.

Dual rate voltage regulator

Abstract: A voltage regulator includes a first normally closed switch arranged for releasably connecting the field coil terminal of an engine-driven DC alternator or DC generator to its appropriate positive or negative output terminal. The first switch is controlled by an electric actuator having an electric circuit arranged for connection across the output terminals of the alternator or generator and is operable at a predetermined lower level output voltage to open the first switch, whereby to limit the output charging voltage to said lower level which is predetermined to effect charging of the battery without significant consumption of water. A second switch in the electric circuit of the first switch actuator is controlled by an electric actuator arranged for connection across the output terminals of the alternator or generator and is operable at a predetermined higher level output voltage to close the second switch and activate the first switch actuator to open the first switch and reduce the charging voltage to said lower level from said higher level which is predetermined to effect charging of the battery quickly, whereupon charging continues at the lower level until the engine is shut down.

Arc detection and control apparatus

Abstract: Arc detection and control apparatus for a high power high voltage gas laser with a constant current power supply comprises a circuit responsive to changes in voltage across the laser electrodes for disconnecting the power supply when the voltage change exceeds a predetermined limit. The circuit monitors a small proportional value of the interelectrode voltage through an optical coupler and has a multiplier circuit for converting detected voltage changes and the differential thereof into pulses with a constant amplitude for fixed percentage changes of the electrode voltage and into pulses with increasing amplitudes for proportionally greater electrode voltage changes. This circuit normalizes and filters the resultant pulses and permits them to be compared to a reference voltage in a comparator circuit. When the pulse amplitude exceeds the value of the reference voltage a control apparatus is actuated which disconnects the power supply from the laser electrodes.

Television raster width regulation circuit

Abstract: A voltage regulator provides a regulated B+ voltage to the horizontal deflection circuit of a television receiver. A positive feedback loop senses the load current drawn by the deflection circuit. The positive feedback voltage increases the magnitude of a reactive impedance component of the voltage regulator as the load current increases in order to maintain a substantially constant raster width.

Device for measuring active and/or reactive component of AC current or AC power

Abstract: A device for measuring the active component and reactive component of AC current or AC power comprising a first detector detecting AC voltage of an AC circuit, a second detector detecting AC current flowing through the AC circuit, a phase shifter shifting the phase of the detected AC voltage by π/2, first switch selectively transmitting one of the detected AC voltage and the phase-shifted AC voltage, a signal generator generating a pulse signal lasting over a selected one half cycle of the two opposite half cycles constituting one cycle of the detected AC voltage transmitted through the first switch, a second switch responsive to the pulse signal to permit transmission of an AC voltage corresponding to the detected AC current, and a circuit computing the active or reactive component of the root mean square value of the AC current or power of the AC circuit on the basis of the AC voltage permitted to transmit through the second switch thereby providing an output signal representing the result of computation.

Resistor ratio circuit construction

Abstract: A circuit and method for providing a desired resistor ratio whereby an output voltage may be derived across one of the members of the ratio pair. A voltage regulator is connected between first and second resistors of the ratio pair to provide voltage compensation partially dependent on third and fourth resistors within the regulator such that the error in each of the resistances of the desired ratio pair is cancelled by matching errors in the third and fourth resistances of the voltage regulator.

Regulated high efficiency, lightweight capacitor-diode multiplier dc to dc converter

Abstract: There is disclosed a voltage multiplier having a capacitor-diode voltage multiplying network which is fed with voltage pulses from a d-c source through a first switching means. Pulses of a second polarity are also supplied through a second switching means to the input of the capacitor-diode voltage multiplier from a second d-c source whose voltage is adjustable to change the voltage of the pulses of second polarity. The switching means are alternately rendered conducting by signals from a control circuit. The second d-c source may be controlled by a voltage comparator which compares the output voltage of the capacitor-diode voltage multiplier to the reference source.

Static voltage balancer

Abstract: An in-line voltage balancing circuit sums a trim voltage with each phase voltage of a polyphase generating system to assure that the voltage between each phase and neutral is equal to the average voltage of all the phases. An individual error signal representative of the difference between each phase voltage and the average voltage is provided to individual phase modulator circuits. The phase modulator circuits develop pulse width modulated signals wherein the pulse width is proportional to the amplitude of the error signal. The outputs of the phase modulator circuits are connected to switching amplifiers which provide trim voltages proportional to the phase modulated signals. Summing transformers are employed to sum the individual trim voltage with appropriate phase voltage so that the voltage for each phase equals the average voltage.

Electrical remote sensing system

Abstract: A sensing unit described in which the cable providing the unit with power also acts to transmit a signal representative of the parameter being sensed e.g. gas concentration. The unit comprises a switched mode voltage regulator the switching frequency of which corresponds to the value of the parameter being sensed.

Dynamic-stability analysis of synchronous machines including damper circuits, automatic voltage regulator and governor

Abstract: An improved method is presented for the study of the dynamic stability of synchronous generating sets. The complete d- and q-axis machine equations with a.v.r. and governor control loops, linearised for perturbations about a steady-state operating condition, are solved to give the natural frequencies and degree of stability of the various oscillating modes for a single machine connected to an infinite busbar. A 30 MW alternator with multiloop a.v.r. an governor is used to illustrate the use of the method for the study of rotor oscillations and the dynamic-stability limits. The effects of some principal parameters, including those of the machine damper circuits, are examined and important limitations in the accuracy of previous methods of analysis are demonstrated.

Semi-conductor voltage regulator, particularly for automotive use

Abstract: To compensate for voltage drop upon high loading of an automotive type alternator, the output of which is rectified, a main semi-conductor control switch is connected to control the output voltage of the alternator by selectively connecting, and disconnecting current flow through the field winding of the alternator. A voltage divider is used to obtain a control voltage for the main semi-conductor switch. An auxiliary sensing circuit is connected to sense waviness, or ripple content of the output voltage and, if it exceeds a pre-determined limit, controls an auxiliary semi-conductor switch which is connected to the voltage divider to modify the voltage division ratio thereof and thereby change the regulating effect of the main semi-conductor switch.