Showing papers on "Vulnerability (computing) published in 2022"
TL;DR: In this article , the authors review the evidence of climate change impacts on mental health in Africa and demonstrate that there is need for more contextual awareness and research in this area in Africa to mitigate or forestall potential mental health crises in the near future.
Abstract: It is now widely acknowledged that low- and middle-income countries in Africa are among global hotspots for high vulnerability to climate change, despite making comparatively low contributions to this phenomenon. Climate change has been shown to affect mental health as a result of disruption of social and economic structures that populations depend on for good health, including mental health. After decades of neglect, recent efforts by governments such as in Kenya to address the twin issues of climate change and mental health demonstrate the growing importance of these issues. Here we briefly review the evidence of climate change impacts on mental health in Africa and demonstrate that there is need for more contextual awareness and research in this area in Africa to mitigate or forestall potential mental health crises in the near future. We recommend systematic efforts to support funding for research and interventions at the nexus between climate change and mental health in Africa, and urge institutions and governments in Africa to begin paying attention to this emerging threat to the health of African populations.
186 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a sectorial assessment of climate change mitigation and adaptation approaches worldwide in the aforementioned sectors and the associated economic costs is presented, where secondary data is used to identify sustainability issues such as environmental, social, and economic viability.
Abstract: Climate change is a long-lasting change in the weather arrays across tropics to polls. It is a global threat that has embarked on to put stress on various sectors. This study is aimed to conceptually engineer how climate variability is deteriorating the sustainability of diverse sectors worldwide. Specifically, the agricultural sector’s vulnerability is a globally concerning scenario, as sufficient production and food supplies are threatened due to irreversible weather fluctuations. In turn, it is challenging the global feeding patterns, particularly in countries with agriculture as an integral part of their economy and total productivity. Climate change has also put the integrity and survival of many species at stake due to shifts in optimum temperature ranges, thereby accelerating biodiversity loss by progressively changing the ecosystem structures. Climate variations increase the likelihood of particular food and waterborne and vector-borne diseases, and a recent example is a coronavirus pandemic. Climate change also accelerates the enigma of antimicrobial resistance, another threat to human health due to the increasing incidence of resistant pathogenic infections. Besides, the global tourism industry is devastated as climate change impacts unfavorable tourism spots. The methodology investigates hypothetical scenarios of climate variability and attempts to describe the quality of evidence to facilitate readers’ careful, critical engagement. Secondary data is used to identify sustainability issues such as environmental, social, and economic viability. To better understand the problem, gathered the information in this report from various media outlets, research agencies, policy papers, newspapers, and other sources. This review is a sectorial assessment of climate change mitigation and adaptation approaches worldwide in the aforementioned sectors and the associated economic costs. According to the findings, government involvement is necessary for the country’s long-term development through strict accountability of resources and regulations implemented in the past to generate cutting-edge climate policy. Therefore, mitigating the impacts of climate change must be of the utmost importance, and hence, this global threat requires global commitment to address its dreadful implications to ensure global sustenance.
129 citations
TL;DR: The role of mitochondria in the development of diseases associated with ageing, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, has been recognized not merely as being energy suppliers, but also as having an essential role in developing diseases as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: Organismal ageing is accompanied by progressive loss of cellular function and systemic deterioration of multiple tissues, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. Mitochondria have become recognized not merely as being energy suppliers but also as having an essential role in the development of diseases associated with ageing, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that ageing and age-related diseases are tightly related to an energy supply and demand imbalance, which might be alleviated by a variety of interventions, including physical activity and calorie restriction, as well as naturally occurring molecules targeting conserved longevity pathways. Here, we review key historical advances and progress from the past few years in our understanding of the role of mitochondria in ageing and age-related metabolic diseases. We also highlight emerging scientific innovations using mitochondria-targeted therapeutic approaches.
127 citations
01 Jan 2022
94 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors discuss the potential of EO in providing simplistic and operational tools for the systemic risk analysis to complement Indigenous Knowledges covering nature-based solutions (NBS).
Abstract: Indigenous Peoples are the custodians of diverse knowledges on biodiversity, forests, wetlands, and resources which constitute historical significance and enable sustainable environmental management. This paper discusses potential of EO in providing simplistic and operational tools for the systemic risk analysis to complement Indigenous Knowledges covering nature-based solutions (NBS). This approach helps to address the techno-cultural complexities and provide robust baselines to meet the 2030 Sendai Framework Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) targets. It describes relevant international frameworks and instruments in the context of role of Indigenous communities in building disaster resilience. The role of EO based tools and solutions is highlighted that have potential to contribute in achieving global targets of the Sendai Framework and providing nature-based solutions through the specific examples on the Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) that has high relevance to complement the knowledges of Indigenous communities. The study addresses the inequity of access regarding space, and other technology by Indigenous Peoples and acknowledges the political, cultural, logistical, and other challenges to address this concern. The study also highlights the lessons learned during the Covid-19 pandemic by DRR community with reference to the
68 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined different options to validate global vulnerability assessments in terms of their internal and external validity, focusing on two global vulnerability indicator systems used in the WorldRiskIndex and the INFORM index.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined different options to validate global vulnerability assessments in terms of their internal and external validity, focusing on two global vulnerability indicator systems used in the WorldRiskIndex and the INFORM index.
54 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors show that risk management generally reduces the impacts of floods and droughts, but faces difficulties in reducing impacts of unprecedented events of a magnitude not previously experienced.
Abstract: Abstract Risk management has reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts globally 1,2 , yet their impacts are still increasing 3 . An improved understanding of the causes of changing impacts is therefore needed, but has been hampered by a lack of empirical data 4,5 . On the basis of a global dataset of 45 pairs of events that occurred within the same area, we show that risk management generally reduces the impacts of floods and droughts but faces difficulties in reducing the impacts of unprecedented events of a magnitude not previously experienced. If the second event was much more hazardous than the first, its impact was almost always higher. This is because management was not designed to deal with such extreme events: for example, they exceeded the design levels of levees and reservoirs. In two success stories, the impact of the second, more hazardous, event was lower, as a result of improved risk management governance and high investment in integrated management. The observed difficulty of managing unprecedented events is alarming, given that more extreme hydrological events are projected owing to climate change 3 .
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors proposed a new integrated flood risk assessment framework to map flood risk, hazard and vulnerability by coupling the HEC-HMS hydrological model, theHEC-RAS 1D and 2D hydraulic models, and a bottom-up hazard vulnerability analysis.
Abstract: Accurately quantifying and assessing the flood risks is critical for flood hazard mitigation and prevention. This study proposed a new integrated flood risk assessment framework to map flood risk, hazard and vulnerability by coupling the HEC-HMS hydrological model, the HEC-RAS 1D and 2D hydraulic models, and a bottom-up hazard vulnerability analysis. The Old Brahmaputra River floodplain of Bangladesh, a flood-prone region, was chosen as a case study. The coupled hydrological-hydraulic model shows a comparable robust performance in both calibration and validation periods with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient = 0.93 (0.81), coefficient of determination = 0.95 (0.89), and percent bias = −1.17% (2.40%) for the calibration (validation) period. Our results indicate that the assessed risk levels are roughly consistent with the overall property distribution and flood-hazard potential in the study area. The proposed framework and associated findings are valuable for developing adaptation strategies and early-warning systems to reduce flood impacts in the future. • Developed an integrated flood risk assessment framework to map flood risk, hazard and vulnerability. • Coupled the HEC-HMS hydrological model, the HEC-RAS hydraulic models, and a bottom-up hazard vulnerability analysis. • Mapped flood risks of the flood-prone Old Brahmaputra River floodplain of Bangladesh. • Provided a used modeling system for flood adaptation and early-warning.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested the influence of fear of COVID-19 on the intention to get vaccinated and the serial mediating effect of existential anxiety and conspiracy beliefs through a serial mediation model.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors tested the influence of fear of COVID-19 on the intention to get vaccinated and the serial mediating effect of existential anxiety and conspiracy beliefs through a serial mediation model.
TL;DR: In this paper , a systematic literature review guided by PRISMA has been conducted using literature from 1 January 2001 to 30 November 2021 to identify key indicators of urban resilience under three major components like adaptive capacity, absorptive capacity, and transformative capacity.
Abstract: Urbanization is a continuous process for a city’s economic development. Though rapid urbanization provides a huge employment opportunity for people, urban threats also increase proportionately due to natural and man-made hazards. Understanding urban resilience and sustainability is an urgent matter to face hazards in the rapidly urbanized world. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the concept and develop key indications of urban resilience and sustainability from the existing literature. A systematic literature review guided by PRISMA has been conducted using literature from 1 January 2001 to 30 November 2021. It argues that sustainability and resilience are interrelated paradigms that emphasize a system’s capacity to move toward desirable development paths. Resilience and sustainability are fundamentally concerned with preserving societal health and well-being within the context of a broader framework of environmental change. There are significant differences in their emphasis and time scales, particularly in the context of urbanization. This study has identified key indicators of urban resilience under three major components like adaptive capacity (education, health, food, and water), absorptive capacity (community support, urban green space, protective infrastructure, access to transport), and transformative capacity (communication technology, collaboration of multi-stakeholders, emergency services of government, community-oriented urban planning). This study also identified several indicators under major dimensions (social, economic, and environmental) of urban sustainability. The findings will be fruitful in understanding the dynamics of urban vulnerability and resilience and its measurement and management strategy from developed indicators.
TL;DR: In this paper, the main data collection instrument was a questionnaire designed based on Me-Bar and Valdez's (2005) study, to which new parameters were added for a more accurate assessment of vulnerability.
Abstract: Drought is a natural disaster that can influence all aspects of human life with its extensive and long-term implications. Rural communities are more drought-susceptible due to their more closeness to nature and agriculture-based economy. Careful assessment of the drought vulnerability of different areas is a prerequisite for drought management as risk management has replaced crisis management to enable farmers to cope with drought effects. The present study aimed to assess the drought vulnerability of wheat farmers in southeastern Iran. The main data collection instrument was a questionnaire designed based on Me-Bar and Valdez’s (2005) study, to which new parameters were added for a more accurate assessment of vulnerability. Using Krejcie and Morgan Table, the sample size was determined to be 395 wheat farmers selected from those living in southeastern Iran with different degrees of drought severity (severe, extremely severe, and critical). The results indicated that farmers were highly vulnerable to drought and strongly affected by economic, socio-cultural, psychological, technical-environmental, and infrastructural damages. In addition, the results revealed that farmers in Sirjan and Rudbar-e Jonubi counties were the most vulnerable. The general results concerning the vulnerability in southeastern Iran show that further drought aggravation increases the farmers' vulnerability because of higher vulnerability levels in regions with more critical conditions. In general, the results can provide new insights into drought management for policymakers.
TL;DR: Based on the exposure-sensitivity-adaptability (ESSA) framework and earth observation data, the authors proposes an ecological vulnerability evaluation index system that reflects the impacts of natural and human stressors and assesses the ecological vulnerability in the Yellow River Basin during different policy periods.
TL;DR: In this article , the main data collection instrument was a questionnaire designed based on Me-Bar and Valdez's (2005) study, to which new parameters were added for a more accurate assessment of vulnerability.
Abstract: Drought is a natural disaster that can influence all aspects of human life with its extensive and long-term implications. Rural communities are more drought-susceptible due to their more closeness to nature and agriculture-based economy. Careful assessment of the drought vulnerability of different areas is a prerequisite for drought management as risk management has replaced crisis management to enable farmers to cope with drought effects. The present study aimed to assess the drought vulnerability of wheat farmers in southeastern Iran. The main data collection instrument was a questionnaire designed based on Me-Bar and Valdez’s (2005) study, to which new parameters were added for a more accurate assessment of vulnerability. Using Krejcie and Morgan Table, the sample size was determined to be 395 wheat farmers selected from those living in southeastern Iran with different degrees of drought severity (severe, extremely severe, and critical). The results indicated that farmers were highly vulnerable to drought and strongly affected by economic, socio-cultural, psychological, technical-environmental, and infrastructural damages. In addition, the results revealed that farmers in Sirjan and Rudbar-e Jonubi counties were the most vulnerable. The general results concerning the vulnerability in southeastern Iran show that further drought aggravation increases the farmers' vulnerability because of higher vulnerability levels in regions with more critical conditions. In general, the results can provide new insights into drought management for policymakers.
TL;DR: The authors suggest that how pandemic-related loss, isolation, and separation impact couples' relationships will vary depending on the amount and severity of pandemic related stress, together with enduring personal vulnerabilities (e.g., attachment insecurity), both of which can disrupt adaptive dyadic responses to these challenges.
Abstract: The broad isolation, separation, and loss resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic raise risks for couples' relationship quality and stability. Guided by the vulnerability-stress-adaptation model, we suggest that how pandemic-related loss, isolation, and separation impact couples' relationships will vary depending on the amount and severity of pandemic-related stress, together with enduring personal vulnerabilities (e.g. attachment insecurity), both of which can disrupt adaptive dyadic responses to these challenges. A review of emerging research examining relationship functioning before and during the initial stages of the pandemic offers support for this framework. We draw on additional research to suggest pathways for mitigating relationship disruptions and promoting resilience.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present an extensive review of the threats of federated learning, as well as their corresponding countermeasures, attacks versus defences, and expound guidelines for selecting the most adequate defence method according to the category of the adversarial attack.
TL;DR: In this paper , a database of 213 natural and 71 cultural African heritage sites was generated to assess exposure to coastal flooding and erosion under moderate (RCP 4.5) and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios.
Abstract: Abstract The African coast contains heritage sites of ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ that face increasing risk from anthropogenic climate change. Here, we generated a database of 213 natural and 71 cultural African heritage sites to assess exposure to coastal flooding and erosion under moderate (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Currently, 56 sites (20%) are at risk from a 1-in-100-year coastal extreme event, including the iconic ruins of Tipasa (Algeria) and the North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone (Egypt). By 2050, the number of exposed sites is projected to more than triple, reaching almost 200 sites under high emissions. Emissions mitigation from RCP 8.5 to RCP 4.5 reduces the number of very highly exposed sites by 25%. These findings highlight the urgent need for increased climate change adaptation for heritage sites in Africa, including governance and management approaches, site-specific vulnerability assessments, exposure monitoring, and protection strategies.
TL;DR: In this article , a systematic investigation of existing DL-based vulnerability prediction approaches reveals that existing DLbased approaches suffer from challenges with the training data (e.g., data duplication, unrealistic distribution of vulnerable classes, etc.) and with the model choices (i.e., simple token-based models).
Abstract: Automated detection of software vulnerabilities is a fundamental problem in software security. Existing program analysis techniques either suffer from high false positives or false negatives. Recent progress in Deep Learning (DL) has resulted in a surge of interest in applying DL for automated vulnerability detection. Several recent studies have demonstrated promising results achieving an accuracy of up to 95 percent at detecting vulnerabilities. In this paper, we ask, “how well do the state-of-the-art DL-based techniques perform in a real-world vulnerability prediction scenario?” To our surprise, we find that their performance drops by more than 50 percent. A systematic investigation of what causes such precipitous performance drop reveals that existing DL-based vulnerability prediction approaches suffer from challenges with the training data (e.g., data duplication, unrealistic distribution of vulnerable classes, etc.) and with the model choices (e.g., simple token-based models). As a result, these approaches often do not learn features related to the actual cause of the vulnerabilities. Instead, they learn unrelated artifacts from the dataset (e.g., specific variable/function names, etc.). Leveraging these empirical findings, we demonstrate how a more principled approach to data collection and model design, based on realistic settings of vulnerability prediction, can lead to better solutions. The resulting tools perform significantly better than the studied baseline—up to 33.57 percent boost in precision and 128.38 percent boost in recall compared to the best performing model in the literature. Overall, this paper elucidates existing DL-based vulnerability prediction systems’ potential issues and draws a roadmap for future DL-based vulnerability prediction research.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors propose an "embedded ethics" approach, in which ethicists and developers together address ethical issues via an iterative and continuous process from the outset of development, could be an effective means of integrating robust ethical considerations into the practical development of medical AI.
Abstract: The emergence of ethical concerns surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) has led to an explosion of high-level ethical principles being published by a wide range of public and private organizations. However, there is a need to consider how AI developers can be practically assisted to anticipate, identify and address ethical issues regarding AI technologies. This is particularly important in the development of AI intended for healthcare settings, where applications will often interact directly with patients in various states of vulnerability. In this paper, we propose that an 'embedded ethics' approach, in which ethicists and developers together address ethical issues via an iterative and continuous process from the outset of development, could be an effective means of integrating robust ethical considerations into the practical development of medical AI.
TL;DR: In this paper, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess the factors affecting the perceived effectiveness of the 2020 typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster response among Filipinos by integrating the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).
Abstract: Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) is considered one of the most devastating typhoons in the Philippines in 2020. It caused fatalities, property destructions, and catastrophic flooding in Metro Manila and the nearby provinces. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors affecting the perceived effectiveness of the 2020 typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster response among Filipinos by integrating the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). 567 Filipinos answered an online survey questionnaire with 75 questions (63 indicators and 11 latent variables). Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that geographical perspective (GL) and typhoon – flood experience and knowledge (TPE) had significant effects on Perceived Severity (PS) and Perceived Vulnerability (PV), which subsequently led to Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), Subjective Norms (SN), and Attitude (ATB). PBC, SN, and ATB were also found to have significant effects on Intention to Follow, which subsequently led to Behavior and Perceived Effectiveness from the 2020 Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster risk response. Interestingly, government support (GR) was insignificant to an effective flood disaster response, and 52.38% of respondents perceived that the typhoon had more severe effects than the flood after the typhoon. This study is the first study that analyzed the perceived effectiveness of disaster response towards 2020 Typhoon Vamco. The findings will be very beneficial for academicians and policymakers as it provides a robust model and results for experts to analyze natural disasters to develop optimum disaster risk responses in mitigating the severe effects of typhoon floods. Finally, the SEM construct can be broadened and adapted to flood disaster response effectiveness applicable in other natural disaster-prone countries.
TL;DR: In this article , a study was conducted to assess the factors affecting the perceived effectiveness of the 2020 typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster response among Filipinos by integrating the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).
Abstract: Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) is considered one of the most devastating typhoons in the Philippines in 2020. It caused fatalities, property destructions, and catastrophic flooding in Metro Manila and the nearby provinces. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors affecting the perceived effectiveness of the 2020 typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster response among Filipinos by integrating the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). 567 Filipinos answered an online survey questionnaire with 75 questions (63 indicators and 11 latent variables). Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that geographical perspective (GL) and typhoon – flood experience and knowledge (TPE) had significant effects on Perceived Severity (PS) and Perceived Vulnerability (PV), which subsequently led to Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), Subjective Norms (SN), and Attitude (ATB). PBC, SN, and ATB were also found to have significant effects on Intention to Follow, which subsequently led to Behavior and Perceived Effectiveness from the 2020 Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster risk response. Interestingly, government support (GR) was insignificant to an effective flood disaster response, and 52.38% of respondents perceived that the typhoon had more severe effects than the flood after the typhoon. This study is the first study that analyzed the perceived effectiveness of disaster response towards 2020 Typhoon Vamco. The findings will be very beneficial for academicians and policymakers as it provides a robust model and results for experts to analyze natural disasters to develop optimum disaster risk responses in mitigating the severe effects of typhoon floods. Finally, the SEM construct can be broadened and adapted to flood disaster response effectiveness applicable in other natural disaster-prone countries. • PMT and extended TPB were utilized to analyze factors affecting perceived effectiveness of Typhoon Vamco Disaster Response. • Geographical perspective and typhoon experience had significant effects on perceived severity and perceived vulnerability. • Perceived severity and perceived vulnerability had significant effects on intention to follow. • Government support had no significant effect on perceived effectiveness. • The SEM construct can be broadened and adapted to typhoon and flood disaster responses worldwide.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors developed and applied an ecological risk assessment framework that integrates landscape pattern characteristics and landscape vulnerability dynamics to analyze spatiotemporal variations in landscape ecological risk in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2018.
TL;DR: The authors suggest that how pandemic-related loss, isolation, and separation impact couples' relationships will vary depending on the amount and severity of pandemicrelated stress, together with enduring personal vulnerabilities (e.g. attachment insecurity), both of which can disrupt adaptive dyadic responses to these challenges.
Abstract: The broad isolation, separation, and loss resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic raise risks for couples' relationship quality and stability. Guided by the vulnerability–stress–adaptation model, we suggest that how pandemic-related loss, isolation, and separation impact couples' relationships will vary depending on the amount and severity of pandemic-related stress, together with enduring personal vulnerabilities (e.g. attachment insecurity), both of which can disrupt adaptive dyadic responses to these challenges. A review of emerging research examining relationship functioning before and during the initial stages of the pandemic offers support for this framework. We draw on additional research to suggest pathways for mitigating relationship disruptions and promoting resilience.
TL;DR: In this article , the Russian invasion of Ukraine is disrupting global agricultural commodity markets, creating pressure on wheat supplies and stocks and consequently on food prices, and the wider effects are felt around the world due to the dependencies inherent to global trade.
Abstract: The Russian invasion of Ukraine is disrupting global agricultural commodity markets, creating pressure on wheat supplies and stocks and consequently on food prices. The wider effects are felt around the world due to the dependencies inherent to global trade. But how to assess the vulnerability of countries food security and how to deal with it? To assess for which countries food security is at risk, dependencies along with a set of coping capacity indicators to absorb shocks need to be identified. Addressing vulnerabilities at this scale requires a global food security approach, because the food security of vulnerable countries depends on measure taken by other countries, together with a holistic approach to water, energy and food security. The Russian invasion brings to the fore the need to reassess the socio-economic value of agriculture and open trade, in terms of food security for stability in vulnerable regions.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors employ a three-level hierarchical model to investigate how a country's economic development level and income inequality, as well as household-level socioeconomic factors, affect households' energy poverty.
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discussed social engineering techniques: how we are being attacked by unknown threats with simple manipulative actions, such as accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information or hacking the data for money extortion.
Abstract: Cybersecurity refers to the organizational practices followed by the different multinational companies to defend their computers, servers, mobile devices, and networks from malicious attacks. This data exploitation is usually done by accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information or hacking the data for money extortion. It applies to systems and mechanisms aimed at stopping unauthorized entry, bugs, and cybercriminal threats to devices, networks, and records. It does not matter how many technologies are emerging to make our life easy; humans are the main vulnerability in every sector. In this chapter, the authors discussed social engineering techniques: how we are being attacked by unknown threats with simple manipulative actions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ a three-level hierarchical model to investigate how a country's economic development level and income inequality, as well as household-level socioeconomic factors, affect households' energy poverty.
TL;DR: In this article , a multi-dimensional adaptive attack taxonomy is presented and utilized for evaluating real-life industrial cyber-physical systems (ICPSs) cyber incidents, identifying the general shortcomings and highlighting the points that cause a gap in existing literature while defining future research directions.
Abstract: Industrial cyber-physical systems ( ICPSs ) manage critical infrastructures by controlling the processes based on the “physics” data gathered by edge sensor networks. Recent innovations in ubiquitous computing and communication technologies have prompted the rapid integration of highly interconnected systems to ICPSs. Hence, the “security by obscurity” principle provided by air-gapping is no longer followed. As the interconnectivity in ICPSs increases, so does the attack surface. Industrial vulnerability assessment reports have shown that a variety of new vulnerabilities have occurred due to this transition. Although there are existing surveys in this context, very little is mentioned regarding the outputs of these reports. While these reports show that the most exploited vulnerabilities occur due to weak boundary protection, these vulnerabilities also occur due to limited or ill-defined security policies. However, current literature focuses on intrusion detection systems ( IDSs ), network traffic analysis ( NTA ) methods, or anomaly detection techniques. Hence, finding a solution for the problems mentioned in these reports is relatively hard. We bridge this gap by defining and reviewing ICPSs from a cybersecurity perspective. In particular, multi-dimensional adaptive attack taxonomy is presented and utilized for evaluating real-life ICPS cyber incidents. Finally, we identify the general shortcomings and highlight the points that cause a gap in existing literature while defining future research directions.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors provide a general review of the recent advances in flood risk modelling and management, while also exploring future perspectives in these fields of research, and provide an overview of the current state of the art.
Abstract: The modelling and management of flood risk in urban areas are increasingly recognized as global challenges. The complexity of these issues is a consequence of the existence of several distinct sources of risk, including not only fluvial, tidal and coastal flooding, but also exposure to urban runoff and local drainage failure, and the various management strategies that can be proposed. The high degree of vulnerability that characterizes such areas is expected to increase in the future due to the effects of climate change, the growth of the population living in cities, and urban densification. An increasing awareness of the socio-economic losses and environmental impact of urban flooding is clearly reflected in the recent expansion of the number of studies related to the modelling and management of urban flooding, sometimes within the framework of adaptation to climate change. The goal of the current paper is to provide a general review of the recent advances in flood-risk modelling and management, while also exploring future perspectives in these fields of research.