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Showing papers on "Wastewater published in 1971"


Book
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the characteristics of waters and wastewaters and sample and analyze them for water quality and health, water pollution and its control, and water reclamation in developing countries.
Abstract: Preface Introduction Characteristics of waters and wastewaters Sampling and analysis Aquatic microbiology and ecology Water quality and health Biological oxidation of organic matter Water pollution and its control Quantitites of water and wastewater Introduction to treatment processes Preliminary treatment processes Clarification Coagulation Flow through porous media Aerobic biological oxidation Anaerobic biological oxidation Disinfection Chemical treatment Sludge dewatering and disposal Tertiary treatment and water reclamation Water supply and sanitation in developing countries Index.

364 citations



Patent
27 May 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the waste water is purified by a process which comprises subjecting the waste waste water to a biological treatment process in the presence of activated carbon or fuller's earth, and a gas containing molecular oxygen is distributed within the liquid mixture during treatment to provide oxidation means.
Abstract: Waste water is purified by a process which comprises subjecting the waste water to a biological treatment process in the presence of activated carbon or fuller''s earth. A gas containing molecular oxygen is distributed within the liquid mixture during treatment to provide oxidation means. The process efficiently reduces the biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total organic content of the waste water in an unusually rapid manner, and removes material not normally removed by the biological treatment alone.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the application of solvent extraction to the treatment of waste waters is presented in this article, where methods of extraction, solute-solvent separation and water solvent separation are described.
Abstract: A review is presented of the application of solvent extraction to the treatment of waste waters. Methods of extraction, solute-solvent separation and water — solvent separation are described. Phenol removal, oily water treatment, desalination, metal recovery by “liquid ion exchange” and miscellaneous other applications are described/ Available economic data are discussed. Possible future applications are outlined and it is suggested that greatest potential is in the treatment of oily waste water and of relatively concentrated streams containing valuable or noxious materials

51 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the results of the field studies were applied to three basic components of lagoon waste treatment?biochemistry, treatment kinetics, and coliform sur vival.
Abstract: In the semiarid southwestern U. S., wastewater lagoons are commonly used in waste treatment. Depending on the size and specific needs of each com munity, they are used for either com plete treatment or partial treatment in conjunction with conventional primary and secondary processes. Lagoons also serve as a method of waste disposal by evaporation, seepage, and direct reuse of the effluent water, principally for irrigated agriculture. Because of the significant addition that direct reuse of treated wastewater can make to the water resources of semiarid regions, particularly for irri gated agriculture, a research program was undertaken to obtain more uni form and higher-quality water from raw wastewater lagoons through im provement in design and operational procedures. Field studies extending over several years were completed to determine the physical, chemical, and biological factors and the influence of the seasons on the transformation of raw wastewater to usable water.1 The results of the field studies were applied to three basic components of lagoon waste treatment?biochemistry, treatment kinetics, and coliform sur vival. The portion of the work per taining to coliform survival is reported herein.

43 citations


Patent
25 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, an approach and a method for measuring the amount of gas ABSORBED orRELEASED by a SUBSTance is presented. But, the approach is not suitable for the case of WATER POLLUTION and it cannot be used to measure the strength of wasTE water.
Abstract: THIS INVENTION RELATES TO AN APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MEASURNG THE AMOUNT OF GAS ABSORBED ORRELEASED BY A SUBSTANCE AND IN PARTICULAR FOR MEASURNG THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF BACTERIAL CULTURES, THE APPARATUS AND METHOD ARE USEFUL, FOR INSTANCE, IN WATER POLLUTION CNTROL IN STUDIES TO DETERMINE THE STRENGTH OF WASTE WATER.

36 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: A system of treatment of wastewater designed to produce different quality effluents suit able for disposal into receiving bodies of water or for reuse, which has three component parts that can be used either separately or sequentially.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to re port on the development of a system of treatment of wastewater designed to produce different quality effluents suit able for disposal into receiving bodies of water or for reuse. The system has three component parts that can be used either separately or sequentially. The wastewater is treated first on a series of rotating disks with attached biolog ical growths. Depending on the num ber of sequential units used, it is pos sible to produce an effluent with suc cessively greater degrees of removal of carbonaceous organic matter which may or may not be followed by the oxidation of ammonia to nitrates. The effluent from this component of the system is then treated on a series of rotating illuminated disks on which is generated attached algae for the pur pose of the removal of nutrients. Fi nally, if so desired, the wastewater having been so prepared can be treated by activated carbon for the removal of residual biodegradable and nonbio degradable organic materials. The effluent from this treatment then can be reused for certain purposes or made potable through demineralization and disinfection. The system of treatment

33 citations


Patent
27 May 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a gas containing molecular oxygen is distributed within the liquid mixture during treatment to provide oxidation means, which reduces the biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total organic content of the waste water in an unusually rapid manner, and removes material not normally removed by the biological treatment alone.
Abstract: Industrial waste water, containing impurities which poison or otherwise inhibit bacterial forms employed in biological treatment of waste water, is purified by a process which comprises subjecting the waste water to a biological treatment process in the presence of activated carbon or fuller's earth. A gas containing molecular oxygen is distributed within the liquid mixture during treatment to provide oxidation means. Despite the presence of the poisonous or inhibiting impurities, the process efficiently reduces the biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total organic content of the waste water in an unusually rapid manner, and removes material not normally removed by the biological treatment alone.

30 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The increasing water demand and a severe shortage of high quality natural water supplies has fostered a growing interest in direct reuse of treated waste waters as discussed by the authors, and this interest in greater reuse has, in turn, focused attention on the need for critical evaluation of the effectiveness of water and wastewater treatment processes.
Abstract: The increasing water demand and re sultant shortage of high-quality natural water supplies has fostered a growing interest in direct reuse of treated waste waters. This interest in greater reuse has, in turn, focused attention on the need for critical evaluation of the effectiveness of water and wastewater treatment processes. Their capabili ties for removing undesirable consti tuents from wastewater must be known

25 citations


Patent
14 Dec 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a method and an array for treating influent water, such as seewage, wasTE water, DISCHARGES from PETROLEUM or CHEMICAL PLANTS or other materials REQUIRING OXIDATION.
Abstract: THE PRESENT INVENTION IS DIRECTED TO METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING INFLUENT WATERS SUCH AS SEWAGE, WASTE WATER, DISCHARGES FROM PETROLEUM OR CHEMICAL PLANTS OR OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRING OXIDATION. THE METHOD AND APPARATUS UTILIZE A PRESSURE VESSEL INTO WHICH THE INFLUENT WATERS ARE MOVED UNDER PRESSURE. THE PRESSURE WITH EACH VESSEL IS MAINTAINED WITHIN A DESIRED RANGE AND AN OXYGEN STREAM IS PUMPED INTO INFLUENT WATERS. TO INSURE PROPER CONTACT WITH THE OXYGEN DETENTION TIME WITHIN THE VESSEL IS PROVIDED; FINE BUBBLE DIFFUSERS ARE USED TO INJECT THE OXYGEN STREAM; AND THESE DIFFUSERS ARE SPACED AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS AND, IF DESIRED AT VARYING LEVELS WITHIN THE VESSEL. MEANS ARE PROVIDED TO VARY THE QUANTITY OF THE OXYGEN STREAM INTRODUCED INTO THE VESSEL AT VARIOUS POINTS AS WELL AS TO VARY THE PERCENTAGE OF OXYGEN IN THE OXYGEN STREAM ITSELF. THE APPARATUS AND METHOD MAY BE EMPLOYED AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN A SEWER SYSTEM AS INTERMEDIATE STEPS TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE BUILD-UP OF ODOR OF CORROSION, OR WITH ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT SUCH AS TAPERED AERATION TANKS, AEROBIC DIGESTERS AND THE LIKE, TO FORM A COMPLETE TREATMENT PLANT. D R A W I N G

25 citations


Patent
30 Apr 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the effluent is selectively received within a plurality of clarifiers, each of which incorporates upper and lower surface skimming and sludge removal rake apparatus, for selective removal.
Abstract: Effluent is selectively received within a plurality of clarifiers, each of which incorporates upper and lower surface skimming and sludge removal rake apparatus A sludge reservoir receives the raked solids for selective removal with the waste water moving from the clarifiers into an aeration chamber where it is subjected to an aeration procedure prior to discharge to a sewer line, stream or pond The effluent, prior to introduction into the clarifiers, is injected with chemicals to expedite the removal of the solids and air to form particle attaching bubbles for a flotation thereof to the upper skimming area

Patent
30 Aug 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the breakpoint requires a minimum chlorine dose of approximately an 8:1 weight ratio of Cl:NH3-N in lime clarified secondary effluent in the pH range of 6 - 7.
Abstract: Sodium hypochlorite or chlorine is used to oxidize the ammonia in raw, secondary and lime clarified municipal wastewaters. In systems with only ammonia as the chlorine demand, the breakpoint exhibits a minimum chlorine dose at approximately an 8:1 weight ratio of Cl:NH3-N in the pH range of 6 - 7. End products at the breakpoint are N2, NCl3, and NO3 . Qualitatively, the formation of the N2 is completed in less than one minute in the pH range of 6 - 8. In wastewater, the breakpoint requires a minimum chlorine dose of approximately an 8:1 weight ratio of Cl:NH3-N in lime clarified secondary effluent. The chlorine dosage, to achieve the breakpoint increases as the degree of wastewater treatment decreases.

Patent
06 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and an approach for use in an ACTIVATED SLUDGE process of TREATING wasTE water where RAW SEWAGE or the like is mixed with return (ACTIVATED) sludge and the so-MIXed sewage LIQUOR is CONFINED in a TANK and SUBJECTed to aeration (WITH OR WITHOUT ADDITIONal SUB-SURface AERATION) where by AIR is co-mingled with the sewage LIquor and CIRCULATED therein in a PRED
Abstract: A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR USE IN AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS OF TREATING WASTE WATER WHEREIN RAW SEWAGE OR THE LIKE IS MIXED WITH RETURN (ACTIVATED) SLUDGE AND THE SO-MIXED SEWAGE LIQUOR IS CONFINED IN A TANK AND SUBJECTED TO AERATION (WITH OR WITHOUT ADDITIONAL SUB-SURFACE AERATION) WHEREBY AIR IS CO-MINGLED WITH THE SEWAGE LIQUOR AND CIRCULATED THEREIN IN A PREDETERMINED VERTICAL FLOW PATTERN THROUGH A PLURALITY OF FLOW PASSAGEWAYS WITHIN THE TANK SO THAT AIR IS CONFINED WITHIN THE WASTE WATER FOR A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE OVERALL WASTE WATER FLOW CIRCUIT. AFTER A PERIOD OF TIME, THE TREATED SEWAGE LIQUOR IS REMOVED FROM THE TANK, THE SLUDGE REMOVED FOR RECYCLE OR ULTIMATE DISPOSAL AND THE EFFLUENT WATER CLARIFIED AND OTHERWISE TREATED.

Patent
22 Sep 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the process of purifying wastewater by contacting wastewater with an effective amount of spent granular activated carbon that has been ground to a powder is described, and the resulting partially treated wastewater is then substantially separated from the powdered carbon-sludge contained therein.
Abstract: Process of purifying wastewater by contacting wastewater with an effective amount of spent granular activated carbon that has been ground to a powder. The resulting partially treated wastewater is then substantially separated from the powdered carbon-sludge contained therein and passed through a bed of granular activated carbon. As the granular activated carbon becomes spent, it is ground to a powder for contacting said wastewater.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used amperometric chlorine residuals and contact time to predict the efficiency of the wastewater chlorination process when the process design factors affecting initial mixing and residence time distribution functions are ideal.
Abstract: Quantitative data are presented concerning the several important factors involved in the wastewater chlorination process. The data indicate that initial mixing of the chlorine solution and the wastewater has a profound effect on process efficiency as measured by the reduction in coliform bacteria. Bacteriological data comparing the reduction of coliform bacteria in stirred batch and backmixed reactors show the effect that the distribution of residence times has on process efficiency. The results indicated that a design criterion based on reactor volume and wastewater flow rate ( V / Q ) is meaningless. It is recommended that contact basins be designed to approach plug flow reactors. The study results indicate that amperometric chlorine residuals and contact time can be used to predict the efficiency of the wastewater chlorination process when the process design factors affecting initial mixing and residence time distribution functions are ideal.

Patent
08 Sep 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for injecting air or other OXYGEN-conTAINing gas under pressure into water from within a gas POROUS SHELL capable of passing gas bubbles of a size (EG, 1-2 MICRONS or LESS) for returnention by the water.
Abstract: APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR INJECTING AIR OR OTHER OXYGEN-CONTAINING GAS UNDER PRESSURE INTO WASTEWATER FROM WITHIN A GAS POROUS SHELL CAPABLE OF PASSING GAS BUBBLES OF A SIZE (EG, 1-2 MICRONS OR LESS) FOR RETENTION BY THE WASTEWATER THE INJECTION IS THROUGH ELEMENTS AT THE BOTTOM OF A SUMP OR ON STREAM IN A RECYCLE LINE TO AND FROM THE SUMP A BED OF PERFORATE BALLS ON THE BOTTOM OF THE SUMP PROVIDES AN EXCELLENT SURFACE AREA FOR BACTERIAL TREATMENT AS BY COATED ENZYMES INJECTED INTO THE SYSTEM

Patent
16 Feb 1971
TL;DR: A method of treating a Wool Wool SCOURING WASTE WATER and a Dyeing WASTE Water is described in this article, in which the Wool is treated with a mixture of the SCouring wasTE water and dyeing waste water.
Abstract: A METHOD OF TREATING A WOOL SCOURING WASTE WATER AND A DYEING WASTE WATER WHICH COMPRISES THE STEPS: MIXING THE SCOURING WASTE WATER AND DYEING WASTE WATER; ADDING TO THE MIXED LIQUID THUS PREPARED A COAGULANT CONSISTING OF AN INORGANIC METALLIC SALT AND ADJUSTING THE PH TO THEREBY GIVE RISE TO FLOCS OF METALLIC HYDROXIDE; FURTHER ADDING AN ANIONIC ORGANIC COAGULANT TO THEREBY GIVE RISE TO AGGREGATION OF SAID FLOCS; AND SEPARATING THE RESULTING SLUDGE.

Patent
16 Feb 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a synergistic admixture of a water-soluble high molecular weight nonionic polymer, preferably polyacrylamide, and a water soluble salt containing ferric ions, preferably ferric chloride, is used to remove phosphate from municipal and industrial waste water.
Abstract: Phosphate is removed from municipal and industrial waste water by treating the water with a synergistic admixture of a water-soluble high molecular weight nonionic polymer, preferably polyacrylamide, and a water-soluble salt containing ferric ions, preferably ferric chloride.


Journal Article
TL;DR: Until recently, the bio chemical oxygen demand of effluents has been a criterion of water quality, and wastewater treatment processes have become more sophisti cated only in their ability to oxidize organic matter, but the oxidized forms of nitrogen and phos phorus are also significant stimulants.
Abstract: In recent years the consistent occur rence of algal blooms has forced man to inquire seriously into the degree of en richment of lakes and reservoirs. Algal blooms have caused nuisances, aroused public indignation, and increased the costs of treating water. Public agencies responsible for water quality standards intend to preclude the discharge of growth-stimulating factors into receiv ing waters. Municipal and industrial waste waters are obvious causes of water de gradation. Until recently, the bio chemical oxygen demand (BOD) of effluents has been a criterion of water quality, and wastewater treatment processes have become more sophisti cated only in their ability to oxidize organic matter. Unfortunately, the oxidized forms of nitrogen and phos phorus are also significant stimulants. These materials, coupled with bio synthesized vitamins, amino acids, and growth factors found in biologically treated wastewater, raise serious ques tions about the suitability of conven



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role of hydrolysis in the removal of lipids in domestic wastewater was investigated, and it was found that the rate at which the lipids were removed was not a rate-limiting mechanism.
Abstract: Colloidal and supracolloidal lipid materials (grease) constitute an abundant, high-energy food source in biological wastewater treatment processes. Biochemical oxidation of these materials is preceded by enzymatic hydrolysis. The effect of the rate of hydrolysis on the rate of removal of lipids is subject to questions, and the removal mechanisms of these materials in secondary sewage treatment processes are not well understood. This study was made to determine the role of hydrolysis in the removal of lipids in domestic wastewater. Hydrolysis was observed not to be a rate-limiting reaction in the removal of lipids for microorganisms present in primary clarifier effluent from a sewage treatment plant. When these organisms were subjected to periodic substrate limiting growth situations in a batch fill-and-draw unit, they were temporarily unable to remove approximately 35% to 40% of the unhydrolyzed lipid initially added. This remaining percentage is believed to have been a β-monoglyceride.

Journal ArticleDOI
Dee Mitchell1
19 Nov 1971-Science
TL;DR: The eutrophication potentials of a phosphate-containing detergent and two phosphate-free detergents, as determined in oligotrophic algal microcosms after activated sludge treatment, were not significantly different.
Abstract: The eutrophication potentials of a phosphate-containing detergent and two phosphate-free detergents, as determined in oligotrophic algal microcosms after activated sludge treatment, were not significantly different All activated sludge effluents, including those from detergent-free waste water, lowered the algal diversity of the microcosms to about the same extent below that of the lake water controls

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a recently developed mixing methodology is discussed and some significant conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of the mixing methodology and its application in a deep well injection at the interface between the receiving water and the water being injected.
Abstract: THERE more adequate is an increasing tools to predict need the for ore a tools to predict he chemical characteristics of water mixtures. Potable water blending becomes increasingly important with the greater use of transported waters and partially or completely demineralized waters as well as the proposed use of reclaimed wastewater. In addition, problems of mixing have been encountered in deep well injection at the interface between the receiving water and the water being injected. This paper is concerned with a recently developed mixing methodology and with pointing out some significant conclusions that can be drawn in

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the application of 8 mg per liter of chlorine to Endamoeba histolytica cysts found in wastewater showed a rapid kill which was temperature dependent.
Abstract: Chlorine was found to be a very rapid acting disinfectant. Eight milligrams per liter of chlorine decreased the coliform count of wastewater effluents to less than 100 per 100 ml in some cases. Higher doses such as 14 mg per l did not give better results, probably owing to the further disintegration of organic matter. The application of 8 mg per l chlorine to Endamoeba histolytica cysts found in wastewater showed a rapid kill which was temperature dependent. No algal kill was observed within two hours of contact in oxidation pond effluents.

Patent
J Tassoney1, R Dille1
25 Feb 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an approach to the ABATEMENT of POLLUTION from SULFIDE-BEARing WasTE WATERS, in which a free-flowing non-catalytic gas generator is used to produce synthysis gas from a HYDROCARBONACEOUS FUEL.
Abstract: THIS PROCESS PERTAINS TO THE ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION FROM SULFIDE-BEARING WASTE WATERS. WASTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS E.G., SOUR WATER, TREATED SOUR WATER, AND OTHER REFINERY WASTE WATERS CONTAINING SULFIDES ARE ADMIXED WITH A HYDROCARBONACEOUS FUEL AND REACTED BY PARTIAL OXIDATION WITH AN OXYGEN-RICH GAS IN A FREE-FLOW NONCATALYTIC GAS GENERATOR AT AN AUTOGENOUS TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE OF ABOUT 1500 TO 3500*F. AND A PRESSURE IN THE RANGE OF ABOUT 1 TO 250 ATMOSPHERAS TO PRODUCE SYNTHESIS GAS FROM WHICH HYDROGEN SULFIDE MAY BE SUBSEQUENTLY RECOVERED AND CONVERTED INTO BY-PRODUCT SULFUR.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a stochastic analysis was performed to determine whether or not a stoichiometry existed between algal concentration and requisite disinfectant (chlorine) dosage to attain an effective residual following an appropriate contact time.
Abstract: With more prevalent algal problems in surface waters and the increased use of wastewater stabilization ponds, the need for additional information on how algae affect the process of water and wastewater disinfection is quite apparent. Because of this and the noticeable lack of technical data in the literature, laboratory studies were directed toward obtaining results that would ensure the proper design of disinfection processes for water and wastewater containing algae. The purpose of this research was primarily to determine whether or not a stoichiometry existed between algal concentration and requisite disinfectant (chlorine) dosage to attain an effective residual following an appropriate contact time. Another aspect of the study was an evaluation of the effect that the chlorine has on the algal cells and also on the quality of the suspending liquid. Additional investigations were concerned with the effectiveness of chlorine as an algal flocculant and the influences of chlorine on the capabilities of chemical flocculants for algal removal from various waters.

Patent
20 Oct 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, waste water containing oil and water emulsions and dissolved or suspended solids is de-emulsified and clarified by creating a three dimensional anolyte stream resulting from the careful placement of anodes and impressing direct or galvanic current through the water.
Abstract: Waste water containing oil and water emulsions and dissolved or suspended solids is de-emulsified and clarified by creating a three dimensional anolyte stream resulting from the careful placement of anodes and impressing direct or galvanic current through the water. Waste water is first contacted with an anode system in a restricted zone so as to give substantially all of the waste water a rapid pH change of several units and is then conveyed to a second zone wherein a three dimensional anolyte stream is formed causing the oily particles to float to the surface of the water where they can be skimmed off.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the carbon dioxide produced during biological oxidation of wastewater has a pronounced influence upon the pH that is attained in the activated sludge process and the quantity produced is proportional to the COD removed, its degree of oxidation and depends also on the oxidation level of the substrate.