Showing papers on "Wastewater published in 1974"

Land Treatment of Wastewater

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes land treatment of wastewater and discusses the selection and design of system for land treatment. Minimum impact on the environment and minimum total cost of operation are the two main design criteria for land treatment of liquid waste. The choice of system is largely controlled by soil and hydrogeologic conditions and by the availability of land. The chapter divides land treatment systems into three types: overland flow systems, low-rate application systems, and high-rate application systems. Overland flow systems are used where the soil is too impermeable or the suspended solids content of the wastewater is too high to allow significant infiltration rates, causing most of the wastewater to run off. With low-rate application systems, all wastewater apply infiltrates into the soil, but the dosages are rather small and of the same order as the water requirements of the crop or vegetation. With high-rate application systems, all wastewater again infiltrates into the soil, but the dosage is much greater than that necessary for crop growth.

Methods and apparatus for treating a liquid with a gas

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for treating a liquid with a gas wherein a liquid feed is introduced to the initial stage of a multi-stage device for dissolving the gas in the liquid. Efficient mass transfer is achieved by effecting a gas-liquid counter flow in serial stages of the dissolution device. The effluent from the dissolution device exhibits a relatively high dissolved gas concentration which gas is subsequently consumed by the liquid in a reaction tank. A liquid recycle line is provided for returning and combining treated liquid with the incoming feed thereby enabling further dissolution of the gas in the liquid. In the course of treating wastewater with ozone, a flotation clarifier may be provided with the initial stage of the dissolution device to enable the surface coagulation of impurities in the wastewater feed. The coagulants may be skimmed prior to introducing wastewater into subsequent stages of the dissolution device, thereby substantially reducing the ultimate ozone demand of the wastewater.

Apparatus for treating waste water

Abstract: An apparatus for treating waste water such as sewage in which at least one bundle of a number of straight tubes is submerged in waste water to be treated, said bundle being particularly provided with a plurality of crossing passages extending across the bundle which passages are arranged intermittently along the bundle with certain intervals therebetween so that no Poiseuille flow is substantially formed in each of the tubes. The waste water is flowed through the bundle of straight tubes in a direction along the bundle. In the bundle of straight tubes, organic substances in the waste water are removed due to decomposition caused by microorganisms which adhere to the inner surface of each tube. Owing to the presence of the crossing passages, removal of the organic substances proceeds effectively and promptly due to uniform flow distribution across the bundle, a disturbance of flow given to the water, propagation of various kinds of microorganisms and the like.

Waste treatment apparatus

Abstract: An apparatus for denitrifying waste water including means for: generating a fluidized bed containing denitrifying biota on a particulate carrier, metering a carbon source into the waste water and mechanically removing excess bacterial growth from the carrier at predetermined intervals.

Apparatus and method for removing pollutants from wastewater

Abstract: A flow of polluted raw wastewater may first be treated with a coagulant, then it is rapidly mixed with very fine bubbles supplied beneath the wastewater flow and may then be treated with a flocculant, after which the pollutants are separated from the water by skimming off the surface of the wastewater.

Waste water processing

Abstract: Waste water formed in the gasification of coal and containing ammonia, H 2 S, and phenolic compounds is treated to remove H 2 S and a substantial proportion of its ammonia, while leaving sufficient ammonia in the water to maintain a pH of at least 8 (such as up to about 10.5, preferably about 8.5 to 9), the ammoniacal water is then flashed into a stream of superheated steam being fed to gasification zone. At the high temperatures in the gasification zone the organic impurities are decomposed.

System for home wastewater treatment and disposal

Abstract: A system for the treatment and disposal of home wastewater suitable for use in areas where conventional systems such as septic systems are inappropriate due to poor soil percolation capabilities is disclosed. A batch process treatment tank in which the waste liquid is subjected to aerobic treatment is combined with an above-ground disposal field in which the treated waste liquid from the aerobic treating tank is dispersed through direct evaporation to the air and where further dispersal is facilitated through the use of evapotranspiration. The aboveground disposal field is suitable for installation on either flat or sloping terrain and is of a sufficient size to prevent overflow of waste liquids.

A Review of Ozone and Its Application to Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Abstract: Since 1 900 ozone has been used quite extensively as an oxidant and disinfectant in European waters. Because of the expense and other problems involved with using ozonatore, ozone has not been favorably received in the US. Recently, however, technologists have discovered methods for controlling or eliminating a majority of the problems; moreover, water-treatment researchers have found that ozone possesses additional favorable characteristics other than a pleasant odor.

Method and apparatus for heat recovery

Abstract: A method and apparatus for a recovery of heat in connection with water and waste pipe systems of the kind wherein a supply pipe for supplying cold water to a water heater and a waste pipe which is supplied with waste water from different consumption points by using the waste water for preheating the cold water before the cold water is supplied to the water heater.

Electrocoagulation system for removing pollutants from wastewater

Abstract: Wastewater is treated by a method and an apparatus in which a wastewater flow passes through an electrocoagulation cell having rod-shaped electrodes longitudinally disposed therein. The electrodes are oriented in one or more circles or portions of circles. The wastewater flow remains within the cell for about 1/10 minute to 2 minutes, during which time pollutants within the wastewater are turbulently mixed and combined with bubbles produced at the electrodes, thereby forming an embryo floc. The embryo floc flows out of the cell with the treated wastewater from the top portion of the downstream end of the cell, after which it may be treated with a flocculant to form a full floc. The full floc and thus clarified wastewater flow into a flotation basin where the full floc undergoes a laminar flow to the top of the clarified wastewater and is skimmed off.

Process of purifying waste water by electrolysis

Abstract: A process of purifying waste water containing dye stuffs by carrying out electrolysis of the waste water in two steps at two different pH ranges of the waste water, the electrolysis being carried out by using an iron anode and a carbon, aluminum or aluminum base alloy cathode.

Design and Operation of Land Treatment Systems for Minimum Contamination of Ground Watera

Abstract: Low-rate or irrigation-type systems for land application of sewage effluent or similar wastewater are often used in humid areas because they have a small impact on the underlying ground water. In arid areas, low-rate systems cannot be used to produce renovated water for ground-water recharge, because the renovated water will have a much higher salt content than the effluent. Renovated water of relatively low salt content can only be produced with high-rate systems. Such systems, which require permeable soil, can also be used in humid areas to reduce the land requirements. To minimize the impact of high-rate systems on ground-water quality, the system should be managed to remove as much of the pollutants (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) as possible from the wastewater as it seeps through the soil, and to restrict the spread of renovated wastewater in the ground-water basin. Nitrogen removal can be maximized by stimulating denitrification in the soil. Certain soils can store large quantities of phosphate. The spread of renovated water in the ground water can be controlled by intercepting the flow of renovated water with wells or drains for reuse or discharge into surface water. Techniques for predicting the underground flow system are presented.

Effects of Treated Municipal Wastewater and Commercial Fertilizer on Growth, Fiber, Acid‐Soluble Nucleotides, Protein, and Amino Acid Content in Wheat Hay

Abstract: Experiments were conducted at Tucson, Arizona to study effects of treated municipal wastewater on growth, total fiber, acid-soluble nucleotides, total protein, and amino acids in hay from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant heights and number of culms per plant for wheat grown with wastewater were similar to plant heights and number of culms per plant when wheat was produced with well water and suggested amounts of N, P, and K and when it was grown with well water plus N, P, and K in amounts equal to those in wastewater. Wheat plants grown with wastewater had culms with a larger diameter and a higher total fiber content than did plants produced with the other treatments. Highest hay yields were obtained when wheat was grown with wastewater, followed by hay produced with well water plus N, P, and K in amounts present in wastewater, and hay grown with well water plus suggested amounts of N,P, and K, in decreasing order. Wheat plants from the three irrigation and fertilizer treatments contained similar amounts of acid-soluble nucleotides. Wheat grown with well water plus N, P, and K in amounts equal to those in wastewater and hay produced with wastewater alone contained similar amounts of total protein, and more protein than did hay grown With well water plus suggested amounts of N, P, and K. Wheat utilized the N in wastewater more efficiently than it used the N in well water plus N, P, and K equal to wastewater. The amino acids alanine, glycine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine were present in higher concentrations in wheat hay grown with wastewater then in hay produced with the other two treatments. Hay grown with the three irrigation and fertilizer treatments contained similar amounts of leucine, proline, and threonine. When wheat hay was grown with wastewater, none of the observed amino acids were decreased below the levels at which they were present in hay produced with suggested cultural practices. Treated municipal wastewater was an effective source of irrigation water and plant nutrients for the production of high quality hay from wheat in the Southwest.

Waste treatment process

Abstract: A process for clean-up of pollutant ladent water of the type characteristically produced in conventional container manufacturing installations. Such waste water is derived typically from water based printing ink wash-up and/or starch adhesive wastes. The process produces highly purified, optionally colorless water adapted for re-use and/or discharge. The process employs chemical treatment of such a starting aqueous waste to facilitate removals of colloidal particles and heavy metals followed by physical removal of suspended solids. Optionally, the resulting treated water is further subjected to decolorization.

Apparatus for sewage treatment and wastewater reclamation

Abstract: Process for treating sewage by using algal photosynthesis for removing cominants from sewage. The sewage is treated in a channelled algae pond while the sewage meanders through the channels in the pond. The process includes integrated day-time and night-time cycles enabling continuous operation over a 24 hour period. An essential step in the process involves varying the flow rate between the day-time and night-time cycles with a cage aerator. The flow rate during the day-time cycle is controlled by the cage aerator so as to increase the amount of algae in the sewage that is exposed to light and bring about nutrient exchange between the bottom and surface of the sewage in the channels without stirring up the sludge in the channels. The rotational speed of the cage aerator is increased during the night-time cycle so as to agitate the sewage to stir up the sludge and beat air into the sewage to increase its oxygen content. Thus the process includes mechanically applying oxygen to the sewage and stirring up the sludge during the night-time cycle with the same apparatus used to increase the exposure of sewage to light during the day-time cycle. The process also includes the step of withdrawing the oxygen rich upper portion of the algae pond during the day-time cycle, enabling the effluent to be treated in an autoflotation unit. Apparatus for carrying out process.

Warm sludge digestion with oxygen

Abstract: Oxygen gas is used for digestion of activated sludge in a warm covered zone and the off-gas is used as at least the major part of the aeration gas in a cooler covered zone for secondary treatment of wastewater.

Process for treating waste water

Abstract: A process for treatment of waste water in an enriched oxygen environment has a pretreatment stage where the waste water is stripped of nitrogen with a stripping gas having a nitrogen partial pressure less than the partial pressure of nitrogen in ambient air before treatment in the oxygen enriched environment.

Hydrology of 7-day 10-yr low flows

Abstract: The level of treatment necessary for maintaining stream quality depends on the dilution ratio, defined as the ratio of the 7-day 10-yr low flow in the stream to the average dry weather flow from the treatment plant. The natural low flows depend on physiography, baseflow regime, stream entrenchment, flood-plain development, magnitude of the drainage area of the stream, etc. The natural low flows are modified by recreational pools created by in-river impoundments, reservoirs or lakes for recreation and regulation of flows, urbanization, municipal and industrial water use and wastewater treatment plant effluents, and navigation pools. Downstream of the confluence of two major streams draining hydrologically dissimilar areas, the low flow exceeds the sum of the two individual low flows, because they are out of phase with each other. Examples are presented showing the effect of these factors on the 7-day 10-yr low flow in streams.

Water Pollution and Control

Abstract: The demand for clean water for industry and for domestic supply is increasing yearly. Many readily accessible supplies are fuh'y exploited and water authorities are now having to consider hitherto-polluted rivers as possible sources for future demand. To meet the demand for clean water and for cleaner rivers which receive the waste from the consumers, a massive amount of expenditure will be required from central and local government and from industry for new water-treatment plants. The legislation covering river pollution and waste-water disposal in Scotland is described, and the particular problem of effluents from the textile industry is discussed. Many workers have demonstrated that waste water from the textile industry can be treated using conventional biological treatment and other techniques and be purified sufficiently to meet the standards imposed by the local authority for discharge into the sewerage system, or by the river purification board for discharge into the rivers or the sea.

Treating waste water containing nitriles and cyanides

Abstract: A waste water effluent containing nitriles and cyanides is treated by passing through an acclimated, activated sludge containing a microorganism capable of degrading nitriles and cyanides and being selected from the genus Nocardia, for example, Nocardia rubropertincta ATCC 21930 thereby to purify the waste water effluent. The waste water effluent containing 50 ppm to 250 ppm of nitriles and 10 to 50 ppm of cyanide and 500 to 2,000 ppm of COD (Potassium Dichromate Method) can be purified with a high efficiency.

Method of treating waste water

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel process for the treatment of waste water from municipal and industrial sources by contacting the waste water with an activated sludge at conditions at which biological oxidation takes place. In this process various water-insoluble inorganic oxides selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, and silica-alumina are combined with the sludge whereby increased rates of biological oxidation are obtained and the sludge shows increased settleability. In a most preferred embodiment of this method, the water-insoluble inorganic oxide is a spent cracking catalyst, that is, a zeolite which has been used in fluid cracking of hydrocarbon feeds and thus contains vanadium, iron, nickel, copper, and/or carbon. This catalyst may be recovered from aqueous scrubber solutions which are utilized to reduce stack losses in fluidized cracking processes and which, at present, present a solids waste disposal problem.

Removal of pollutants from waste-water

Abstract: A biological method for effecting removal of substantially all of the ammonia nitrogen as well as 85 to 95% of the carbonaceous matter present in normal domestic wastewater. The process can include a first stage which oxidizes a minor portion of the ammonia present to nitrates and a second stage that provides dentrification of remaining nitrogenous compounds. The second stage is operated in a manner excluding molecular oxygen to encourage the growth of microorganisms that use nitrate oxygen for respiration and ammonia as an energy source.

Method of purification of waste water by treatment with zirconium salt

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of purification of waste water from chemical pulping and paper mills comprising coagulation and precipitation of suspended substances and colloidal dispersed particles, precipitation of non-colloidal dissolved, low molecular weight substances in the waste water and formation of water insoluble precipitates or chelates thereof, and further to a method of purification of waste water of any source by the use of zirconium salt.

Method of reducing sludge accumulation from tar sands hot water process

Abstract: A method for reducing the sludge layer in an aqueous effluent retention pond associated with hot water extraction of bitumen from tar sands comprising dispersing the aqueous effluent discharge from the extraction process containing bitumen, sand, water, silt and clay over the surface of the pond thereby effecting a reduction in the volume of the sludge layer in the pond.