Topic
Wastewater
About: Wastewater is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 92512 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1256590 citations. The topic is also known as: waste water.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
More filters
•
TL;DR: It is identified that antibiotics of sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones are the most likely water contaminants, followed by macrolides, among sulfonamide and fluoquinolone antibiotics, and sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin are most likely to be present in municipal wastewater effluent and sulf amethazine is most likely in agricultural runoff.
Abstract: Antibiotics are among the emerging microcontaminants in water because of concerns of their potential adverse effects on the ecosystem and possibly on human health. Antibiotics are likely to be released into the aquatic environment via wastewater effluent and agricultural runoff as a result of incomplete metabolism, ineffective treatment removal or improper disposal because large quantities of antibiotics are used annually in human therapy and in agriculture. Despite large quantities of use, published data on the amounts and use patterns of antibiotics are scarce. To assess the magnitude of the potential risks associated with antibiotics, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on the usage, occurrence, and behavior of antibiotics. To identify antibiotics that are likely to be present in water sources, concentrations of antibiotics in municipal wastewater and animal waste in the United States (U.S.) were estimated and were classified according to chemical properties. The estimation of human health antibiotics was based upon the number of prescriptions administered. The estimated concentrations of antibiotics in untreated wastewater range from 3.9 ng/L to approximately 27,000 ng/L. The estimation of animal health antibiotics was based upon the subtherapeutic usage in feed for growth promoting. Considerable variation in antibiotic usage exists among different animal species. Reported data on the occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment confirm the persistence of certain antibiotics. Although information is limited, studies on the transformation and sorption of antibiotics indicate that these processes significantly affect the fate of mo st classes of antibiotics. By combining information on environmental fate with the predicted concentrations, we identify that antibiotics of sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones are the most likely water contaminants, followed by macrolides. Among sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin are most likely to be present in municipal wastewater effluent and sulfamethazine is most likely to be present in agricultural runoff. Azithromycin and tylosin are the most likely macrolides present in municipal wastewater effluent and in agricultural runoff respectively. An occurrence study, which is currently underway, focuses on three of the potential antibiotic contaminants, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine, identified by literature review. Solid phase extraction methods were developed. Recoveries ranged from approximately 45 to 106 percent. Analysis of the three antibiotics was conducted by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Additionally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was employed for ciprofloxacin analysis. Preliminary results indicated the presence of ciprofloxacin in secondary wastewater effluent at approximately 80 to 150 ng/L. Sulfamethoxazole was detected in one of the wastewater samples. Sulfamethazine was not detected. Concentrations of antibiotics were found to be much lower or below the detection limits in the effluent of advanced treatment processes including granular activated carbon and ozonation, indicating significant removal by those processes.
209 citations
••
TL;DR: The electrochemical oxidation of simulated textile wastewater was studied on iron electrodes in the presence of NaCl electrolyte in a batch electrochemical reactor using response surface methodology (RSM), where applied potential and electrolyte concentration were to be minimized while COD, color and turbidity removal percents were maximized at 100% pollution load.
209 citations
••
TL;DR: It was concluded that C. vulgaris is a good potential source for the production of biodiesel coupled with nutrient removal from Wastewater amended with 15% CO2.
209 citations
••
TL;DR: Investigation of the occurrence of 43 emerging contaminants including 9 endocrine-disrupting chemicals and 34 pharmaceuticals in Hebei Province, north China found that triclocarban might pose high risks to terrestrial organisms while the other detected compounds posed minimal risks.
209 citations
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared three alternative technologies of sludge management where sludge is used to produce energy, i.e., anaerobic digestion of mixed raw sludge with subsequent cogeneration of obtained biogas.
209 citations