Wastewater

About: Wastewater is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 92512 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1256590 citations. The topic is also known as: waste water.

Methods of Removing Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater

Abstract: Methods for treating industrial wastewater containing heavy metals often involve technologies for reduction of toxicity in order to meet technology-based treatment standards. This article was focused on the recently developed and newly applicable various treatment processes for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Physico-chemical removal processes such as; adsorption on new adsorbents, ion exchange, membrane filtration, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration and photocatalysis were discussed. Their advantages and drawbacks in application were evaluated. In the processes of biological treatments microorganisms play a role of settling solids in the solution. Activated sludge, trickling filters, stabilization ponds are widely used for treating industrial wastewater. Bioadsorption is a new biological method and various low cost bioadsorbents (agricultural waste, forest waste, industrial waste, algae etc.) are used for maximum removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Bioadsorption techniques are eco friendly best solutions for removing heavy metals from wastewater rather than physic-chemical methods. But chemical methods are most suitable treatments for toxic inorganic compounds produced from various industries which cannot removed from any biological and physical techniques. Keywords—heavy metals; removal techniques;

Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations

Abstract: Water and Wastewater Operations: An Overview Current Issues in Water and Wastewater Treatment Operations Water/Wastewater Operators Upgrading Security Water/Wastewater References, Models, and Terminology Water/Wastewater Operations: Math and Technical Aspects Water/Wastewater Math Operations Blueprint Reading Water Hydraulics Fundamentals of Electricity Hydraulic Machines: Pumps Water/Wastewater Conveyance Characteristics of Water Basic Water Chemistry Water Microbiology. Water Ecology Water Quality Biomonitoring, Monitoring, Sampling, and Testing Water and Water Treatment Potable Water Source Watershed Protection Water Treatment Operations Wastewater and Wastewater Treatment Wastewater Treatment Operations Appendix A. Answers to Chapter Review Questions Appendix B. Formulae Index

Carbamazepine and its metabolites in wastewater and in biosolids in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.

Abstract: Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are discharged into the environment from domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, we determined the distribution of the anti-epileptic drug, carbamazepine (CBZ), and its major metabolites and caffeine in both aqueous and solid phases through different treatment processes of a WWTP. A method was developed to extract samples of biosolids using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), coupled with cleanup of extracts using solid-phase extraction. Samples of biosolids and wastewater were analyzed for caffeine and CBZ and five of its metabolites, 10,11-dihydro-10,11-epoxycarbamazepine (CBZ-EP), 11-dihydro-10,11-epoxycarbamazepine (CBZ-DiOH), 2-hydroxycarbamazepine (CBZ-20H), 3-hydroxycarbamazepine (CBZ-30H), and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine (CBZ-100H). The analytes were quantified using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The recoveries of the analytes were 82.1-91.3% from raw biosolids and 80.1-92.4% from treated biosolids, and the limits of detection were 0.06-0.50 and 0.06-0.40 microg/kg on a wet weight basis for raw and treated biosolids, respectively. The behavior of carbamazepine and its metabolites, together with caffeine as a marker of domestic inputs, was investigated in the WWTP for the City of Peterborough, ON, Canada, which utilizes secondary sewage treatment technologies. CBZ, CBZ-2OH, CBZ-30H, and CBZ-DiOH were detected at concentrations of 69.6, 1.9, 1.6, and 7.5 microg/kg (dry weight), respectively, in untreated biosolids and at concentrations of 258.1, 3.4, 4.3, and 15.4 microg/kg (dry weight), respectively, in treated biosolids. However, CBZ-EP and CBZ-100H were not detected in any of the biosolid samples. CBZ and its five metabolites were detected in all wastewater samples collected from four different stages of treatment. The results showed that 29% of the carbamazepine was removed from the aqueous phase during treatment in the WWTP, while the metabolites were not effectively removed. Concentrations of caffeine were reduced by 99.9% in the aqueous phase, which appeared to be due primarily to degradation. Caffeine was also detected at concentrations of 165.8 and 7.6 microg/kg (dry weight) in raw and treated biosolids, respectively. Because of differences in hydrophobicity, CBZ is the primary analyte in biosolids, while CBZ-DiOH is the primary analyte in the aqueous phase of the wastewater. A mass balance calculation showed that the majority of CBZ and its metabolites exist in the aqueous phase (i.e., wastewater), ratherthan in the biosolids, 78 g of CBZ and its metabolites enters the Peterborough WWTP daily, and 91 g is discharged from the WWTP daily in the combined suspended solids and aqueous phases of the wastewater. The calculated daily inputs into the WWTP are somewhat less than the inputs of 192 g estimated from Canadian annual sales data for CBZ.