Showing papers on "Water environment published in 1971"

Pollution containment barrier

Abstract: A FLOW-THROUGH POLLUTION CONTAINMENT BARRIER FOR THE CONTROL AND REMOVAL OF POTENTIAL OIL SPILL HAZARDS IN A WATER ENVIRONMENT INCLUDES A SERIES OF CAGES LINKED TOGETHER. OIL SORBENT BUOYANT MATERIAL, CAPABLE OF ALLOWING WATER TO PASS FREELY THROUGH IT WHILE REMAINING OIL WET WHEN CONTACTED BY AN OIL WATER MIXTURE IS REMOVABLY ARRANGED IN EACH CAGE. LIQUID IMPERVIOUS MATERIAL IS ARRANGED IN THE SPACES AT THE JOINTS BETWEEN THE CAGES TO PREVENT PASSAGE OF LIQUID THERETHROUGH. EACH CAGE IS WEIGHTED IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN A PREDETERMINED SUBMERGENCE OF THE CAGE IN A BODY OF WATER.

Shellfish growout tray

Abstract: A device for sustaining the growth of shellfish, such as oysters and the like, comprising a one-piece, molded plastic tray consisting of a bottom wall and four side walls providing an open top for the efficient loading of immature shellfish into the tray, the tray having stacking rails and tray supporting surfaces enabling the loaded tray to be guidingly moved into a stable operative stacked relation with a plurality of like loaded trays wherein adjacent trays define an operative growth space therebetween, the bottom wall being operative to support immature shellfish and provide with perforations permitting efficient unitary movement of the operatively stacked trays into and out of an operative position within the water environment of growth, the side walls being perforated so that when the tray is in such operative position sufficient water flow through the operative space is provided to nourish the growing shellfish while predatory water life is excluded therefrom, the height of the side walls being such that the operative space is sufficient to permit growth of the shellfish to maturity while insuring an efficient number of operative spaces within a given stack height.

A nuclear magnetic resonance study of solubilization of aromatic alcohols and phenols by a surfactant

Abstract: Solubilization of aromatic alcohols and phenols by a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, has been investigated by NMR measurements of these materials solubilized in the solution of the surfactant; the materials used as solubilizates have chemical structures of wheren varies from 1 to 3, wheren is 1 or 2, and wheren varies from 1 to 3. Attention has been paid mainly to changes in the shifts of their phenyl proton signals on going from a water environment to a micellar environment. The NMR spectra of these materials in water and in the micellar solution can be classified into four different types in terms of the patterns of their phenyl proton signals. The solubilization of these materials in the micelles causes the higher-field shifts of phenyl proton signals, the extent of which depends on the chemical structures of solubilizates and their numerical values ofn. From the results have been discussed the mode of solubilization of the phenols and alcohols, and the locus of their solubilization in the micelle. Probably, these materials are solubilized near the surface of the micelle or in the form of a palisade-type micelle, depending on their structures and numerical values ofn.

Fatigue Crack Propagation of D6ac Steel in Air and Distilled Water

Abstract: Fatigue crack propagation studies were conducted on a D6ac steel. The tests were performed in room air and distilled water environments all at room temperature. Fatigue crack propagation rates were enhanced in the water environment with results being strongly dependent upon test frequency, the lower test frequencies exhibiting the higher crack growth rates. A simple superposition technique, which qualitatively accounts for the observed frequency trends was examined. /Author/

Sorbents for oil spill removal

Abstract: Materials that float on water, attract and absorb oil and can easily be removed from the water constitute one of the most effective means for completely separating spilled oil from the water environment. Three classes of materials can be used for this purpose inorganic products, natural organic products and synthetic organic products. Several examples of each of these classes are evaluated for their potential use as sorbents. Laboratory procedures are utilized to determine oil and water sorption capacity, oil retention capacity, buoyancy with and without absorbed oil, effect of petroleum product variation, and sorbent/oil coherence. Of twenty sorbent materials evaluated, the polymeric foams exhibited the highest sorption capacities for oils. These foams also absorb water. While this reduces their capacity for oil, some of the foams still retain a high sorption capacity. On the average, much lower oil sorption capacities were exhibited by the inorganic and the natural organic materials.

Command Triggering of Synchronized Megavolt Pulse Generators

Abstract: Two separated coaxial pulse-forming lines of 1.5 ohms impedance are simultaneously switched into 1.5 ohm coaxial transition lines in a water environment producing 70 ns duration, 20 ns risetime, 1 MV pulses into a common load. The pulse-forming lines are pulse-charged to voltages up to 2 MV in a time of about 0.5 ?s from a common Marx generator. Feasibility of the command trigger design has been demonstrated on a single 1.5 ohm coaxial line system. Four closely coupled trigatron type gas/plasma switches are triggered simultaneously by a trigger generator mounted within the transition line. The command trigger pulse firing this trigger generator penetrates the outer and inner members of the transition line through an interface unit. The characteristics of the trigatrons, the trigger generators and the interface units will be described.

Heat exchange between man and the water environment

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the heat exchange between man and the water environment Studies of the Ama of Japan and Korea have revealed the interesting and dramatic adaptations that they have made to cold stress In the winter months, their basal metabolic rate (BMR) is 30% greater than that of non-diving women living in the same villages and eating the same type of diet In the summer, the BMRs of these two groups do not differ from one another The diving women, who are unusually lean, tolerate much cooler water temperatures without shivering than non-divers of comparable fat thickness These results are reminiscent of the Australian aborigines whose core temperature decreases while they are sleeping at night yet in whom shivering is not evident Another group of people who have successfully performed in cold water are the adventuresome and perhaps masochistic swimmers who swim across the English Channel They remain in 16–18°C water for 12–20 h In comparison with the Ama, the Channel swimmers have a greater layer of insulation in the form of subcutaneous fat

Antibiotic treatment of fish diseases

Abstract: THIS INVENTION RELATES TO THE USE OF ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE TREATMENT OF SUSCEPTIBLE EXTERNALLY MANIFESTED BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF FISH AND, MORE PARTICULARLY, TO THE USE OF A WATER-SOLUBLE SALT OF ERYTHROMYCIN AS AN ADDITIVE TO THE WATER ENVIRONMENT OF FISH, EITHER AS A PROFILAXIS TO PREVENT OR AS A POSITIVE AGENT TO CURE SUCH INFECTIONS AND TO REDUCE SHOCK AND STRESS.