Showing papers on "Water environment published in 1986"

Paleoenvironments and Distribution of Low-Sulfur Coal in Illinois

Abstract: Previous studies have shown that coal over- lain by a thick sequence of nonmarine strata is generally lower in sulfur content than adjacent areas of the same seam overlain by marine strata. These nonmarine sedi- ments are interpreted to be of fluvial origin and consist primarily of crevasse-splay deposits. Two patterns of occurrence of crevasse-splay deposits associated with low- sulfur coal have been recognized in the Pennsylvanian rocks of Illinois. These are (1) localized splay deposits distributed at intervals along the trend of rivers that flowed through the peat swamp, and (2) clusters of splay deposits which are part of a deltaic lobe that prograded over the peat swamp. Both types of deposits are repre- sented in the stratigraphic record as clastic wedges of sediment. However, the distribution of low-sulfur coal underlying them differs. Individual splay deposits distri- buted along the trend of ancient river channels generally cover no more than a few hundred square kilometers. The splay sediments were deposited in a fresh- or brackish- water environment; consequently most of the underlying coal has a low sulfur content. Exploration for additional low-sulfur coal associated with deposits of this type should be carried out along the course of ancient river channels. In some cases, as the peat swamp subsided, a deltaic lobe was deposited at the swamp margin and prograded sea- ward over the submerged peat. Delta lobes may cover several thousand square miles of coal. Most of the deltaic sediments were deposited in a marine environment, after the peat had been inundated by marine water. Low-sulfur coal is found underlying the landward side of the deltaic lobe, where splay sediment covered the peat while still in a brackish-water environment. Untested potentially low- sulfur coals delineated by this study include the Herrin (No. 6) Coal Member in parts of Christian, Shelby, Moul- trie, Cumberland, Coles, Douglas, Clark, Edgar, and Vermilion counties; the Danville (No. 7) Coal Member in Clark, Crawford, and Lawrence counties; and the Mur- physboro Coal Member in Jackson County. Other coals included in the study are the Harrisburg (No. 5) and Colchester (No. 2) coal members; no new potential low- sulfur areas are outlined for these two coal seams.

Special ergometric techniques and weight reduction.

Abstract: Several physiological and psychological benefits can be achieved with exercise training provided an adequate exercise threshold is reached. In recommending exercise regimens to obese individuals, it is important to consider the exercise intensity, frequency, and duration that is most likely to lead to the desired benefits of exercise training. The special problems that some obese individuals may encounter with exercise training should also be considered. Walk/jog and stationary cycling are the two most commonly recommended modes of exercise. Aquatic exercise, due to the buoyancy and thermal properties of water, may be especially suitable as a method of exercise for obese individuals. In addition to swimming, cycling exercise and aerobic dance can be performed in a water environment.

Impact of opencast coal mining on water environment - a case study

Abstract: In the pursuit for rapid industrial growth in India the consumption of coal as an energy resource has increased manifold. In comparison to coal production, much less attention is paid to the ecological aspects in the coal mining industry. This is perhaps because the disastrous effect caused by newly modified environments due to mining in a particular area is not immediate, but effects are visible after a period of time. Hence, with the adoption of advanced technology for higher production, India is gradually heading towards irreversible environmental damage brought about by land degradation, deforestation, water pollution, air pollution and noise pollution. As a part of an exercise to study the impact of large scale opencast mining operations, Singrauli Coalfield is an excellent example. The paper is part of research work being carried out in Singrauli coalfields (now Northern Coalfields Ltd.) the biggest opencast coal mine in Asia. The paper attempts to cover various sources of water pollution in Singrauli opencast coal mine at one place and the measurement of chemical parameters of water to assess the water quality degradation in and around the mine. 11 refs.

Common pharmaceuticals alter tissue proton NMR relaxation properties.

Abstract: Differences in the tissue properties of water are the basis for the detailed anatomic visualization of internal body structures produced by NMR imaging. Physiological and pathological events have the potential to alter proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation properties through changes in water environment. In this study, the parenteral injection of pharmaceuticals produced significant changes (12-21%) in proton NMR relaxation times in tissues of treated rats. The extent of relaxation time change was both tissue specific and drug specific. Therefore, the effects of common pharmaceuticals should be considered in the interpretation of T1- and T2-weighted NMR images.

Water environment microwave thawing.

Abstract: A rapid, controlled microwave oven thawing technic for fresh frozen plasma (FFP) that minimizes flocculent formation while maintaining excellent coagulation factor, total protein, and albumin levels is presented. This method, using an unmodified microwave oven and a tap-water environment, decreases thawing time from 37.5 minutes for the standard 37 degrees C water bath to approximately 11 minutes for either one or two units of FFP.

Pricing Policies for Conservation of Water Resources and Environment

Abstract: An attempt is made in this study to integrate considerations regarding the quality of the environment and the optimal use of resources. Particular attention is paid to water resources and it is considered how a water environment may be realized where clean water flows abundantly through a public water basin. Several water environmental systems are constructed with characteristics pertaining both to the quantity of water resources and to water quality. Water pricing relevant to these water environmental systems is examined. An area model is first constructed. Instead of an effluent fee (or charge), consumers of water resources should pay a consumption tax which reflects the shadow prices of both the quantity and the quality of water resources. The model is extended to the regional model which can be applied to a region including several cities located along a river. Since there are interarea spillovers, the price of water reflects the shadow prices both of water resources and of the spillovers.

Fracture toughness evaluation of granite in a high temperature pressurized water environment.

Abstract: Fracture toughness tests based on the R-curve method using the unloading compliance calibration technique were conducted under the condition of a simulated crustal environment of a geothermal reservoir (confining pressure 18 MPa, maximum temperature350°C). The results obtained indicate that a significant reduction of both the elastic modulus and fracture toughness was observed with increasing temperature, and a single linear relationship was obtained between the fracture toughness KIC(J) and the elastic modulus E. In order to interpret the KIC(J)-E relationship, a model was proposed using stress-strain-opening displacement at a crack tip based on the fracture process zone.

Procesy transformujące złoża siarki

Abstract: SULFUR DEPOSITS TRANSFORMING PROCESSES Summary Sulfur is stable in a very narrow range of pH and Eh values of deposit water environment. Even minor changes in these values may result in removal of sulfur from one part of the deposit and its precipitation in another place. Such phenomena take place in sulfur deposits, leading to transformation of their original form. The major of these processes include recrystallization of sulfur-bearing limestones, bituminization (involving replacement of sulfur by bitumens occurring in excessive amounts), leaching of sulfur accompanied by origin of cavernous limestones, displacement of sulfur from post-gypsum limestones into the surrounding rocks, kartst and weathering. The process transforming at present the sulfur deposit is that of hot-water sulfur mining.

Study on fracture toughness of chopped strand reinforced plastics in water environment by means of acoustic emission method.

Abstract: The present paper is concerned with the fracture toughness of a chopped strand reinforced polyester in water environment. Fracture toughness tests were performed by using compact tension specimens of the composite in distilled water. Acoustic emission signals were detected during the fracture toughness tests. The acoustic emission activity for the specimen in water was extremely lower than that in room condition. After the tests the scanning electron microscope observation was made to explain the difference between the fracture behavior in water and that in room condition.When the fracture toughness Kρ, AE was defined as the critical stress intensity factor corresponding to the onset of the abrupt increase of acoustic emission energy, it was found that the fracture toughness decreased with immersion time and the rate of increase became almost zero at about 60 days of immersion time.

Water: A Strategic Resource?

Abstract: : Availability of fresh water has been taken for granted throughout our history. In fact, the United States has been blessed with what was once thought to be a limitless natural resource, fresh water. The sources for this fresh water are precipitation, surface water and ground water. Today, these sources are under relentless pressure from chronic pollution and over-usage. The federal government has begun the process of studying and doumenting the problems associated with our water supply but to date its efforts are far to little, too late. Budget constraints and funding projections only add to the already bleak picture. We are learning that water problems can't be contained and that they cross state, local and private boundaries. This problem of area pollution has drawn considerable concern within the Department of Defense (DOD) as more and more of our installations are finding their water environment jeopardized. Solutions for the preservation cleansing and protection of our fresh water systems are going to be expensive and technically complicated to accomplish and administer. Action is needed now.

Improved harness restraint system

Abstract: An improved harness restraint system for a vehicle seat occupant which includes a unique single-point release device having laterally spaced connectors for attachment of shoulder harness straps. The system also includes an improved harness belt system employing a cross-chest belt configuration as well as a gross adjustment feature for pre-adjusting the harness assembly straps to substantially approximate the occupant. The new system also provides diverging lower restraint belts which encircle each leg of the occupant for anti-gravity and crash restraint. The single-point release device also includes an automatic release mechanism which is activated in a water environment.

Evaluation of an accident that drains the TMI-2 core

Abstract: In December 1982, the Three Mile Island Unit 2 Division was considering the potential safety implications of a hypothetical accident that could possibly result in the loss of water from the reactor vessel. The criticality safety concern associated with this type of accident is that an unborated water environment could exist within the fuel region during this transient. Detailed evaluations of both the thermal-hydraulics and criticality safety aspects of this hypothetical accident have determined that an unborated steam/water environment within the damaged fuel is less reactive than a borated water environment. The most reactive dry core configuration is a semi-infinite cylinder with a radial boundary of the reactor vessel but no axial boundaries. The multiplication factor, k/sub eff/, for this configuration is < 0.7. Thus, the dry core is not a criticality concern for the scenario outlined in the analysis. In addition, the core will not be further damaged by the thermal transients present during this postulated event. Therefore, the transition to and from a dry core would not become a criticality concern.

High strength ni-base alloy having excellent corrosion resistance

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the high strength Ni-base alloy excelling in resistance to stress corrosion cracking sensitivity as well as corrosion resistance under the high-temp. and high-pressure water environment, by incorporating Ni, as a principal component, and specific elements such as Cr, Mo, Nb, Fe, etc. CONSTITUTION:As the alloy for the members used in high-temp. and high- pressure water such as spring material for a nuclear reactor, the Ni-base alloy consisting of, by weight, <0.05% C, <0.35% Si, <0.35% Mn, <0.015% P, <0.015% S, 50-55% Ni, 17-25% Cr, 0.5-2% Al, <0.5% Ti, 3-7% Nb, 2.8-8% Mo, and the balance Fe, or further containing 0.5-3% W or at least one kind among <0.2% Zr, <0.1% B, and <1% Mg is used. The members, such as spring material, showing mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and resistance to stress corrosion cracking sensitivity under the above service conditions can be produced.