Showing papers on "Water environment published in 1993"

Biogeochemical processes during the infiltration of river water into an alluvial aquifer

Abstract: Summary and Conclusions The chemical changes in the infiltration flow path from the Lot River to an adjacent aquifer were followed using chloride as an indicator of physical mixing of the river water with groundwater. The chemical reactivity close to the river is very significant with respect to the aquifer water composition (Figure 7). Two types of processes occur. A first series leads to irreversible reactions: weathering produces enriched Ca, Mg, bicarbonate, and Si concentrations, reductive reactions lead to denitrifi- cation, and adsorption reactions remove zinc from solution (11,22). A second series comprises processes which lead to the formation of the so-called reduced zone, and most of them are reversible. As long as microbial activity, which is very intense in the river sediments, consumes more oxygen than what is brought by the water coming from the river, the environment becomes reduced. This leads to dissolution of manganese oxides. Further along, when the microbial activity decreases, and when additional oxygen can be supplied by the permeable unsaturated zone, the water environment becomes oxidized again. Manga- nese is removed from solution by a combination of adsorption and surface oxidation reactions.

Synthesis and luminiscence properties of europium(III) and terbium(III) complexes with polyacid chelates derived from 2,6-bis(N-pyrazolyl)pyridine

Abstract: A short and efficient synthesis of N, N, N′, N′-[2,6-bis(3-aminomethyl-1-pyrazolyl)pyridine]-tetrakis(acetic acid)(6), an analogue of terpyridine with additional chelating iminodiacetic groups, is described. Compound 6 forms stable complexes with EuIII and TbIII in water whose relative luminescence yields, excitation maxima and emission decay lifetimes have been measured. The number of water molecules in the first coordination sphere of the europium complex have also been determined. Comparison of data from the EuIII and TbIII complexes of 6 and of the parent trisheterocycle diacid 2,6-bis(3-carboxy-1-pyrazolyl)pyridine shows that the iminodiacetic subunits give extra stabilization to the complexes and are essential to protect the metal from the water environment.

Potential high fluence response of pressure vessel internals constructed from austenitic stainless steels

Abstract: Many of the in-core components in pressurized water reactors are constructed of austenitic stainless steels. The potential behavior of these components can be predicted using data on similar steels irradiated at much higher displacement rates in liquid-metal reactors or water-cooled mixed-spectrum reactors. Consideration of the differences between the pressurized water environment and that of the other reactors leads to the conclusion that significant amounts of void swelling, irradiation creep, and embrittlement will occur in some components, and that the level of damage per atomic displacement may be larger in the pressurized water environment.

A quantitative structure—activity relationship study and ecotoxicological risk quotient for the protection from chemical pollution

Abstract: A quantitative structure—activity relationship study is carried out with use of the toxicity (LC50) of the various kinds of fish obtained from the references. The equation obtained contained the parameters of molecular weight (MW) and mean ionization potential (IP):log(1/LC50) = 28.665 + 0.01095MW - 2.570IP (R2 = 0.695, n = 581). This equation could estimate the toxicity of the chemicals detected in the environment of Japan by Environment Agency (r = 0.80, n = 53). In order to evaluate the hazardousness, we propose the Ecotoxicological Risk Quotient (ERQ): ERQc = -log Concentration in the environment/Effective concentration in the test ERQa = -log Σ Concentration in the environment/Effective concentration in the test ERQc and ERQa are the indices of the hazardousness of a chemical and chemicals in an area, respectively. ERQ could explain the status of pollution in water environment of Japan.

Thermal deamidation of proteins in a restricted water environment

Abstract: Nonenzymatic deamidation reactions of soy protein, egg lysozyme, milk casein, and wheat gliadin at moisture contents ranging from 0 to 80% at 115 o C for 2 h were studied. The deamidation percentage varied from 3.20 to 18.48% for all four proteins. All proteins had a minimum deamidation rate at the limited water content, approximately 50% for soy protein, 60% for lysozyme, 60% for casein, and 6% for gliadin

A spatially variable light-frequency-selective component-based, airborne pushbroom imaging spectrometer for the water environment

Abstract: A design of a variable interference filter imaging spectrometer (VIFIS) system is described. A set of systematic concepts, including continuous spectral image encoding using a spatially variable light-frequency-selective principle; spectral image data reconstruction using a transputer co-processed video rate pushbroom queue processing algorithm; and complete spectral image information storages and retrieval using video recording, have been adopted in the system. These result in a system that can supply up to 640 spectral bands of 8-bit images within the spectral range from 400 to 700 nm after one flyby. Many other attributes such as compactness of the sensor, simplicity in operation, availability of in-flight image inspection, accessibility in flight height and velocity are other advantages of the system. A preliminary test over the Tay Estuary was performed aboard a Cessna 152 aircraft. The images and spectral profiles obtained show the system to be an effective tool for remote sensing. 10 refs.

Environmental Pollution by Pesticides from Golf Courses in Kanagawa Prefecture.

Abstract: Recently, the environmental pollution by pesticides applied to golf courses has been paid attention as a social problem in Japan. Therefore the concentrations of nineteen pesticides in water and atmosphere samples were measured around golf courses in Kanagawa prefecture from 1990 to 1992. Diazinon, simazine, isoprothiolane, flutolanil, propyzamide were detected in many sampling points at a higher level, although the concentrations in water samples did not exceed the guideline values which were published by Environmental Agency. Moreover, isoprothiolane and flutolanil, whose solubilities in water were high, were easily detected in water environment. On the other hand, benfluralin and fenitrothion, whose volatilization rates were large, were easily detected in atmospheric environment. The concentration of tolclophosmethyl in effluent increased rapidly due to the rain fall after it was sprayed.

Precipitation hardening type stainless steel excellent in wear resistance and production of precipitation hardening type stainless steel

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a steel having prescribed hardness and wear resistance in a water environment by applying a two stage heat treating method in which temp. and time conditions are specified to stainless steel having a specified compsn. in which the contents of Nb and Cu are limited after hot working and solution treatment. CONSTITUTION:An ingot having a compsn. contg., by weight <=0.05% C, <=1.00% Si, <=1.0% Mn, <=0.04% P, <=0.01% S, 3.5 to 5.5% Cu, 3.0 to 5.5% Ni, 14.0 to 17.5% Cr and 0.15 to 0.35% Nb so as to satisfy Nb<=CX7.8, and the balance Fe is melted. This ingot is subjected to hot rolling to form into a hot rolled steel, which is subjected to solution treatment, is subjected to primary aging treatment of executing heating at 430 to 500 deg.C for 30min to 2hr and is subjected to secondary aging treatment of executing heating at 380 to 450 deg.C for 1 to 10hr. In this way, sufficient preciptation hardening occurs, by which the objective stainless steel can be obtd.

Temperature dependence of indentation cracking in soda-lime-silicate glass

Abstract: The influence of temperature on initiation of cracks and on the appearance of the features occurring in soda-lime-silicate glass beneath a Vickers indenter has been explored. The temperature of the glass and water environment was varied from 20 to 80°C. Several new and unexpected observations were made. Top views and side views, sectioned and unsectioned, of the indentations provided evidence that the number of secondary radial cracks increases with increasing temperature, whereas the number of primary radial cracks decreases. The threshold peak load for median crack initiation was shifted to lower values at 80°C. It is shown that environmental and kinetic effects strongly influence initiation behaviour and crack structure beneath a Vickers indenter

Electrotechnologies for water treatment

Abstract: Water and wastewater utilities face major changes in their treatment systems as a result of recent environmental regulations. Not only do these new rules specify reduction requirements for contaminants not previously regulated, they also target the by-products of chlorination, which has been the basic disinfection technique in this country since the early days of municipal water treatment. As a result, EPRI has been working with the American Water Works Association Research Foundation and the Water Environment Research Foundation to support the development of advanced treatment alternatives and improve energy efficiency at treatment facilities. The work has identified a number of innovative, electrically based treatment technologies that provide the additional capabilities required, promote higher efficiency in treatment processes, and serve electric utilities' demand-side management objectives. 5 refs.

Water, environment and development

Abstract: This paper for the most part constitutes the address which was made to the Consortium for International Development at their recent Presidential Symposium at Colorado State University on 30 July 1992. It raises some of the global issues in water resources development and management which are likely to confront the international community in the 1990s and beyond. The issues pose the challenge to institutions involved in the water resources field in both developed and developing countries.

Methanogenesis and sulfate reduction in chemostats: A fundamental experimental kinetic study and modeling. Report for 1992-1993

Abstract: Six chemostats containing mixed anaerobic cultures were used to investigate interactions between sulfate reduction and methanogenesis for three substrates: acetic acid, methanol, and formic acid. Sulfate reducers outcompeted methanogens for acetic acid while methanol was not utilized by sulfate reducers. For the chemostat with formic acid feed, competition was observed between methanogens and sulfate reducers with 62% and 24% of the substrate utilized by sulfate reduction and methanogenesis, respectively. A comprehensive dynamic model was developed that simulates methanogenesis and sulfate reduction in a chemostat. The model incorporates the complex chemistry of anaerobic systems and was able to predict both the steady state and the batch tests reasonably well. (Copyright (c) 1993 Water Environment Federation.)

Benefits of thread rolling process to the stress corrosion cracking and fatigue resistance of high strength fasteners

Abstract: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of cut (machined) vice thread rolled Alloy X-750 and Alloy 625 fasteners in a simulated high temperature primary water environment has been evaluated SCC testing at 360 and 338C included 157 small and 40 large 60{degree} Vee thread studs Thread rolled fasteners had improved resistance relative to cut fasteners Tests of fatigue resistance in air at room temperature and both air and primary water at 315C were conducted on smaller studs with both cut and rolled threads Results showed rolled threads can have significantly improved fatigue lives over those of cut threads in both air and primary water Fasteners produced by two different thread rolling methods, in-feed (radial) and through-feed (axial), revealed similar SCC initiation test results Testing of thread rolled fasteners revealed no significant SCC or fatigue growth of rolling induced thread crest laps typical of the thread rolling process While fatigue resistance differed between the two rolled thread supplier`s studs, neither of the suppliers studs showed SCC initiation at exposure times beyond that of cut threads with SCC In contrast to rolling at room temperature, warm rolled (427C) threads showed no improvement over cut threads in terms of fatigue resistance The observed improvedmore » SCC and fatigue performance of rolled threads is postulated to be due to interactive factors, including beneficial residual stresses in critically stressed thread root region, reduction of plastic strains during loading and formation of favorable microstructure« less

Drain stopper apparatus

Abstract: A drain stopper including an inverted conical head fixedly and coaxially mounting a single shaft extending upwardly of the head terminating in a shaft head for ease of insertion and removal of the apparatus relative to an associated drain. A modification of the invention includes a stepped conical head to accommodate various diameters of drains, as well as a fluid port structure to project soap and the like within a water environment to enhance amusement and enjoyment of the organization by children.

Synthetic resin clad metal pipe

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide synthetic resin clad metal pipe, in which no ply separation develops even after long term usage under repeated hot and cold running water environment and which is excellent in durability. CONSTITUTION:Inner layer 18 is made of reinforcing fiber-free synthetic resin. Outer layer 17 is made of reinforcing fiber-containing synthetic resin. Since synthetic resin layer 19 having two-layered pipe structure employes the structure, in which layers are integrally and strongly bonded together by heat fusion, ply separation occurs in the synthetic resin layer 19 and further, since the degree of thermal elongation and contraction of the synthetic resin layer is small due to the presence of the reinforcing fiber, no ply separation occurs between metal pipe 39 and the synthetic resin layer.

Heat-sealable lid material for container for sealed packaging

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide a heat-sealable lid material for a container for sealed packaging, the adherent force of which under a water environment does hot decline much, and therefore, the water resistance of which greatly increases, which has an excellent sealing property, and in addition, which can be easily opened by an appropriate force, and is equipped with both functions of water resistant adhesiveness and easy peelability. CONSTITUTION:This lid material for a container for sealed packaging, a heat- sensitive adhesive layer 2, which contains 55-99 pts.wt. of a heat-sensitive adhesive resin of which the major component is a monoolefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, or its salt, or a monoolefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester copolymer, 1-45 pts.wt. of rosin, and 0.1-30 pts.wt. of a higher fatty acid, is provided on one surface of a metal foil 1. For this reason, the material has favorable adhesive properties even to a surface-to-be-attached which is porous and has hydrophilic nature such as the mouth part of a glass container, etc., and in addition, even when the content is a liquid or viscous body, entering of water to the adhesive interface can be effectively prevented from happening.

Studies on the effect of translocation of chemical insecticides in Eicchornia host plant on Mansonia mosquitos--a potential control method.

Abstract: A novel method for the control of Mansonia larvae was developed and tested. In this method, foliar absorption and translocation of a chemical insecticide, monocrotophos, a known systemic insecticide was studied in the Eicchornia plant. Acetone solution of the insecticide was painted onto leaves of the plant. At daily intervals, stems were severed and divided into equal sections which were introduced into bowls. Larvae of Aedes aegypti were tested for the presence of monocrotophos. It was found that translocation of the insecticide occurred at different rates in the stems and in some plants the chemical was also released into the surrounding water. Based on these results, 2 insecticides namely, monocrotophos and temephos were painted onto leaves of the host plant and their translocation to the root and water environment was examined by testing with Mansonia and Aedes aegypti larvae. The results again confirmed the translocation process and it was found that the insecticides were secreted into the surrounding water, thereby killing the larvae. However, in leaves painted with permethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) or flufenoxuron (chitin synthesis inhibitor), such a process was not detected. The potential of this new concept in Mansonia larval control is examined.

Electrode probe suitable for use in water environment of high-temperature high radiation

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain an electrode probe suitably used in aq. high pressure and high temp. high radiation field environment like the core of a nuclear reactor as an electric potential reference electrode. CONSTITUTION: An electrode is an assembly wherein only ceramic and metal parts are soldered or welded and, concretely, a sapphire base 12 is soldered to a housing 16 made of Koval or stainless steel and a housing is welded to a signal transmission coaxial cable assembly 20. The pedestal 30 integrally formed to the base is provided and a conductor wire 36 is passed through the pedestal and the pedestal is covered with a selectively coated cylindrical seal retainer 42. This apparatus is especially proper for the use in a silver/silver chloride electrode system.

Reactor water environment monitoring system

Abstract: PURPOSE:To contribute to reducing the radiation received by the workers during inspection work and maintaining the intactness of plant materials by accurately measuring the elevation behavior of the plant dose rate during plant operation and providing a reactor water environment monitoring equipment having a high temperature sensor. CONSTITUTION:This system is provided with an equipment to accurately measure the amount of radioactives depositing on the material surface contacting to reactor water during plant operation, an equipment to directly monitor the water quality environment in the reactor water environment and the corrosion environment, a radioactive deposition amount monitoring pipe 26, and a corrosion environment monitoring pressure vessel 36 to improve the reliability of plant operational administration.

Effects of Water Absorption on Fatigue Properties of SMC Material and Its Degradation Mechanism

Abstract: FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) are most popular and widely used materials among various kinds of composites. In many kinds of FRP composites, SMC materials are frequently used as materials for various equipments. Most SMC materials are also used in various environmental conditions, such as water, ultraviolet rays, oxgen and so on. Among these conditions, water environment is a usually surrounding one around these materials and it strongly influences SMC materials' properties. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of water absorption on the fatigue properties and inner structural changes of SMC materials were investigated. In this study, SMC material composed of bis phenol A unsaturated polyester resin and E-glass chopped strand mat was used. Voids which were generated during molding process were recognized to exist in the central layer of SMC material. SMC specimens absorbed 3.0% water after 10800 hours immersion into deionized water at 30°C, and the water absorption process is shown to follow Fick's law. Fatigue life in water environment of SMC material becomes extremely short comparing to that obtained in air. As the results of SEM observation and EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) analysis on the fracture surface, it was made clear that the absorbed water in SMC material reacted with calcium carbonate which was distributed in the matrix resin as filler. Then, the absorbed water penetrating through the dissolution regions. into inner sites caused the degradation of interfacical bonding between fiber and matrix in SMC material.

Preventing fouling of submersible pumps and similar equipment

Abstract: The build up of solid ferric oxide and ferric sulfide slime on submersible pumps and similar equipment operating in a water environment due to the presence of iron bacteria is prevented by fitting a sacrifical anode (7) and a cathode (14) adjacent the inlet of the equipment, applying an electrolysing current to the electrodes to produce a bactericidal solution of salts from the cathode (T1), operating the equipment for a short period (T2) to draw the bactericidal solution into the equipment. A second cycle of electrolysis (T3) is then carried out to leave the equipment immersed in a bactericidal solution whilst it is not operating. The electrolysis - pumping - electrolysis cycle is controlled by a microprocessor based control unit.

Reference electrode probe used in high- temperature water environment

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain a novel reference electrode used in the monitoring of electrochemical potential. CONSTITUTION: The silver electrode 20 coated with silver chloride 22 connected to an insulated silver alloy rod 26 by a silver connector 24 is housed in an alumina pipe 22 and the zirconia cloth 18 covering through-holes 14, 16 are arranged to the closed leading end of the alumina pipe 22 and an annular elastomer seal 38 is arranged between the leading end of the annular alumina insulating element 28 holding the silver alloy rod and the base end of the alumina pipe. By tightening the annular tightening jigs 40, 42 consisting of two members filted with screws arranged therearoud, the annular seal is pressed to the open base end of the alumina pipe in watertight seal relation.