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Water environment

About: Water environment is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 13384 publications have been published within this topic receiving 125138 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recent research and developments in methods for assessing wastewater toxicity to activated sludge were reviewed and it is indicated that bioluminescence- and respirometry-based methods received much attention in recent research.

136 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental aspects of pulsed laser interaction with plasmonic nanostructures, and its applications to cell nanosurgery, including the destruction, modification or manipulation of molecular, sub-cellular and cellular structures, are described.
Abstract: This review describes the fundamental aspects of pulsed laser interaction with plasmonic nanostructures, and its applications to cell nanosurgery, including the destruction, modification or manipulation of molecular, sub-cellular and cellular structures. The review assumes no prior knowledge of the field of plasmonics and begins with a short review of the basic theory of plasmon excitation and optical properties of nanoscale metallic structures. Fundamentals of short and ultrashort laser pulse interaction with plasmonic nanostructures in a water environment are then discussed. Special emphasis is put on the consequences of the irradiation on the surrounding environment of the nanostructure, including heating, low-density plasma generation, pressure wave release and formation of vapor bubbles. The paper is concluded with a review of different applications of pulsed-laser interaction with plasmonic nanostructures for cell nanosurgery, including photothermal therapy, plasmonic enhanced cell transfection, molecular surgery and drug delivery.

135 citations

Book
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: Water Quality Defining Environmental Water Quality Sources of Water Impurities Measuring Impurities Contaminant Behavior in the Environment: Basic Principles Behavior of Contaminants in Natural Waters What are the Fates of Different Pollutants? Processes that remove Pollutant groups and Natural Pathways for their Removal from Water Chemical and Physical Reactions in the Water Environment Partitioning Behavior of Pollutators Intermolecular Forces Origins of Intermolescular Forces: Electronegativities, Chemical Bonds, and Molecular Geometry Solubility and Intermolcular Attractions References Major
Abstract: Water Quality Defining Environmental Water Quality Sources of Water Impurities Measuring Impurities Contaminant Behavior in the Environment: Basic Principles Behavior of Contaminants in Natural Waters What Are the Fates of Different Pollutants? Processes that Remove Pollutants from Water Some Major Contaminant Groups and Natural Pathways for their Removal from Water Chemical and Physical Reactions in the Water Environment Partitioning Behavior of Pollutants Intermolecular Forces Origins of Intermolecular Forces: Electronegativities, Chemical Bonds, and Molecular Geometry Solubility and Intermolecular Attractions References Major Water Quality Parameters and Applications Interactions Among Water Quality Parameters pH Carbon Dioxide, Bicarbonate, and Carbonate Acidity and Alkalinity Oxidation-Reduction Potential Hardness Dissolved Oxygen Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand Solids (Total, Suspended, and Dissolved) Temperature Drinking Water Treatment References Nutrients and Odors: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Nutrients and Odors Nitrogen: Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate Phosphorus Nutrient (N + P) Contamination: The Eutrophication and Algae Problems Sulfide (S2-) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Odors of Biological Origin in Water (Mostly from Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Products) References Behavior of Metal Species in the Natural Environment Metals in Water Mobility of Metals in Water/Soil Environments General Behavior of Dissolved Metals in Water Adjusting pH to Remove Metals from Water by Precipitation Your Results May Vary How ORP Affects the Solubility of Metals ORP-Sensitive and ORP-Insensitive Metals Metal Water Quality Standards Applications References Soil, Groundwater, and Subsurface Contamination Nature of Soils Soil Profiles Organic Matter in Soil Soil Zones Contaminants Become Distributed in Water, Soil, and Air Partition Coefficients Mobility of Contaminants in the Subsurface Particulate Transport in Groundwater: Colloids Case Study: Clearing Muddy Ponds Ion Exchange Agricultural Water Quality General Properties of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids and the Behavior of Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface Types and Properties of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids General Characteristics of Petroleum Liquids: The Most Common LNAPL Behavior of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface Formation of Petroleum Contamination Plumes Estimating the Amount of LNAPL Free Product in the Subsurface Estimating the Amount of Residual LNAPL Immobilized in the Subsurface Chemical Fingerprinting of LNAPLs Simulated Distillation Curves and Carbon Number Distribution Curves References Behavior of Dense Nonaqueous Liquids in the Subsurface Phase DNAPL Properties DNAPL Free Product Mobility Testing for the Presence of DNAPL Polychlorinated Biphenyls References Biodegradation and Bioremediation of LNAPLs and DNAPLs Biodegradation and Bioremediation Basic Requirements for Biodegradation Biodegradation Processes Natural Aerobic Biodegradation of NAPL Hydrocarbons Determining the Extent of Bioremediation of LNAPL Bioremediation of Chlorinated DNAPLs References Behavior of Radionuclides in the Water and Soil Environment Introduction Radionuclides Emissions and Their Properties Units of Radioactivity and Absorbed Radiation Naturally Occurring Radioisotopes in the Environment Technologies for Removing Uranium, Radium, and Radon from Water References Selected Topics in Environmental Chemistry Treatment of Pollutants in Urban Stormwater Runoff Water Quality Profile of Groundwater in Coal-Bed Methane Formations Indicators of Fecal Contamination: Coliform and Streptococci Bacteria Reusing Municipal Wastewater: The Problem of Pathogens Oil and Grease Analysis Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Environmental Sampling Deicing and Sanding of Roads: Controlling Environmental Effects Appendices A Selective Dictionary of Water Quality Parameters and Pollutants Solubility of Slightly Soluble Metal Salts Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in this Book Answers to Selected Chapter Exercises

135 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of imidazole microcapsules (IMCs) with tunable IMD group loading, shell thickness, and lumen size are synthesized and incorporated into a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix to prepare composite membranes.
Abstract: Design and fabrication of hierarchically structured membranes with high proton conductivity is crucial to many energy-relevant applications including proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Here, a series of imidazole microcapsules (IMCs) with tunable imidazole group loading, shell thickness, and lumen size are synthesized and incorporated into a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix to prepare composite membranes. The IMCs play two roles: i) Improving water retention properties of the membrane. The IMCs, similar to the vacuoles in plant cells, can render membrane a stable water environment. The lumen of the IMCs acts as a water reservoir and the shell of IMCs can manipulate water release. ii) They form anhydrous proton transfer pathways and low energy barrier pathways for proton hopping, imparting an enhanced proton transfer via either a vehicle mechanism or Grotthuss mechanism. In particular, at the relative humidity (RH) as low as 20%, the composite membrane exhibits an ultralow proton conductivity decline and the proton conductivity is one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of SPEEK control membrane. The enhanced proton conductivity affords the composite membrane an elevated peak power density from 69.5 to 104.5 mW cm−2 in a single cell. Moreover, the application potential of the composite membrane for CO2 capture is explored.

134 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the occurrences and fate of hazardous contaminants (dyes, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, heavy metals, fertilizer and pesticides) found in wastewater effluents are reviewed.

134 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202239
2021932
2020869
2019980
20181,015
2017916