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Water environment
About: Water environment is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 13384 publications have been published within this topic receiving 125138 citations.
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors developed a water resource decoupling model to quantify the relationship between urban economic growth and water usage in China's top three megacities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou).
71 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of prior deformation on SCC growth rates of Alloy 600 materials in a simulated pressurized water reactor primary water environment was studied, and the results showed significant amounts of plastic strain in the Alloy 600 weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) and in the cold worked Alloy 600 material.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated modeling framework was proposed to dynamically evaluate and predict the water balance and water resources carrying capacity in a continental river basin of Northwest China by coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), water resources supply and consumption model, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE).
71 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that carbonaceous chondrite meteorites actively and selectively catalyze the formation of relevant prebiotic molecules from formamide in aqueous media, and the one-pot synthesis of all the natural nucleobases, of aminoacids and of eight carboxylic acids is reported.
Abstract: We show that carbonaceous chondrite meteorites actively and selectively catalyze the formation of relevant prebiotic molecules from formamide in aqueous media. Specific catalytic behaviours are observed, depending on the origin and composition of the chondrites and on the type of water present in the system (activity: thermal > seawater > pure). We report the one-pot synthesis of all the natural nucleobases, of aminoacids and of eight carboxylic acids (forming, from pyruvic acid to citric acid, a continuous series encompassing a large part of the extant Krebs cycle). These data shape a general prebiotic scenario consisting of carbonaceous meteorites acting as catalysts and of a volcanic-like environment providing heat, thermal waters and formamide. This scenario also applies to the other solar system locations that experienced rich delivery of carbonaceous materials, and whose physical-chemical conditions could have allowed chemical evolution.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the microstructure, morphology and mechanical characteristics of the as-deposited graphite-like carbon (GLC) films were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nano-indention tester.
Abstract: Silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon carbide (SiC) and cemented carbide (WC) are good material candidates in the applications of water hydraulic systems and related water-lubrication fields. But high friction and severe wear would arise from the unavoidable solid–solid contact during running-in period, frequent starting/stopping due to the absence of effective water lubrication. Graphite-like carbon (GLC) films with high hardness was successfully deposited on above different ceramics to improve their durability and stability under different working conditions. The microstructure, morphology and mechanical characteristics of the as-deposited GLC films were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nano-indention tester. The tribological behaviors of GLC-coated Si3N4, SiC and WC were comparatively studied by a ball-on-disc tribo-meter when compared with un-coated ceramic substrates under both dry and water-lubricated sliding conditions. Results show that the friction coefficient of coated-GLC films kept a relatively lower value of 0.04–0.07 whereas the above three ceramic substrates demonstrated a much higher value in the range of 0.1–0.3 under both dry and water-lubricated conditions. In addition, the wear rate of Si3N4, SiC and WC substrates could be significantly reduced after the deposition of GLC films and interestingly the GLC-coated WC exhibited unique super-low wear rate (nearly non-wear properties). The tribological performance of coated-GLC films greatly depended on the ceramic substrates and the corresponding friction-reduction and anti-wear mechanisms related with different wear conditions and substrates were also revealed. Such GLC films are considered as potential protective and lubricating surfaces for water-lubricated parts such as water-lubricated bearing, mechanical seals and other moving parts used in water environment.
71 citations