Showing papers on "Water quality published in 1990"

The water encyclopedia

Abstract: CLIMATE AND PRECIPITATION Climatic Data-United States. Climatic Data-World. Weather Extremes. Precipitation Data. Snow and Snow Melt. HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS Hydrologic Cycle. Water Resources-United States. World Water Balance. Hydrologic Data. Interception. Infiltration. Runoff. Erosion and Sedimentation. Transpiration. Evaporation. Consumptive Use. Phreatophytes. Reference Books. SURFACE WATER Rivers. Lakes. Waterfalls. Glaciers and Ice. Floods. Flood Prevention. Flood Control Works. Water Areas-United States. Oceans and Seas. GROUND WATER Ground Water-United States. Water Wells-United States. Water Wells. Injection Wells. Pumping of Water. Subsidence. Aquifer Characteristics. Soil Moisture. Springs. Artificial Recharge. Geophysical Logging. WATER USE Water Use-United States. Water Use-World. Public Water Supply-United States. Water Supply-World. Domestic Water Consumption. Bottled Water. Industrial and Commercial Water Use-United States. Industrial Water Use-World. Irrigation. Livestock. Navigation and Waterways. Waterborne Commerce. Water-Based Recreation. Fisheries. Water in Foods. WATER QUALITY Water Quality. Drinking Water Quality Standards-United States. Drinking Water Standards-World. Municipal Water Quality. Industrial Water Quality. Irrigation Water Quality. Water Quality for Aquatic Life. Recreational Water Quality. Water Quality for Livestock. Water Treatment Processes. Water Treatment Facilities. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Pollution Sources and Pathways. Surface Water Pollution. Ground-Water Contamination. Domestic Sewage. Municipal Sewage. Industrial Wastewater. Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation. Solid Waste. Agricultural Activities/Fertilizers and Pesticides. Urban Runoff/Deicing Materials. Air Emissions/Acid Rain/Sea Level Rise. Offshore Waste Disposal. Energy Development. Waterborne Diseases/Health Hazards. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Dams. Reservoirs. Hydroelectric Power. Costs of Water Projects. Project Planning and Analysis. Research and Expenditures. Desalination. Water Transfer. Ground Water. Water Conservation. WATER LAW AND TREATIES AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS Federal Agencies. State Water Agencies. Commissions. Universities. Professional, Trade, and Environmental Groups. CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS Physical Properties of Water. Water Quality. Length. Area. Volume. Velocity. Flow Rate. Weight. Pressure. Permeability. Power. Temperature. INDEX Short

Salt-Affected Soils: Their Reclamation and Management for Crop Production

Abstract: Agricultural production in the arid and semiarid regions of the world is limited by poor water resources, limited rainfall, and the detrimental effects associated with an excess of soluble salts, constrained to a localized area or sometimes extending over the whole of the basin. In order to minimize vagaries of arid weather, bring more land under irrigation, and produce and stabilize greater yields per unit area, numerous water development projects have been commissioned all over the world. Extension of irrigation to the arid regions, however, usually had led to an increase in the area affected by shallow water tables and to intensifying and expanding the hazards of salinity. This is because irrigation water brings in additional salts and releases immobilized salts in the soil through mineral dissolution and weathering, and losing water volumes through evapotranspiration and concentrating the dissolved salts in soil solution. Fertilizers and decaying organic matter also serve as additional salt sources. Atmospheric salt depositions, though varying with location, may be an important source along the coasts. The relative significance of each source in contributing soluble salts depends on the natural drainage conditions, soil properties, water quality, soil water, and agronomic management practices followed for crop production.

The cumulative effect of wetlands on stream water quality and quantity. A landscape approach

Abstract: A method was developed to evaluate the cumulative effect of wetland mosaics in the landscape on stream water quality and quantity in the nine-county region surrounding Minneapolis—St. Paul, Minnesota. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to record and measure 33 watershed variables derived from historical aerial photos. These watershed variables were then reduced to eight principal components which explained 86% of the variance. Relationships between stream water quality variables and the three wetland-related principal components were explored through stepwise multiple regression analysis. The proximity of wetlands to the sampling station was related to principal component two, which was associated with decreased annual concentrations of inorganic suspended solids, fecal coliform, nitrates, specific conductivity, flow-weighted NH4 flow-weighted total P, and a decreased proportion of phosphorus in dissolved form(p < 0.05). Wetland extent was related to decreased specific conductivity, chloride, and lead concentrations. The wetland-related principal components were also associated with the seasonal export of organic matter, organic nitrogen, and orthophosphate. Relationships between water quality and wetlands components were different for time-weighted averages as compared to flow-weighted averages. This suggests that wetlands were more effective in removing suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia during high flow periods but were more effective in removing nitrates during low flow periods.

Handbook of drinking water quality

Abstract: Handbook of drinking water quality , Handbook of drinking water quality , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Water quality and treatment : a handbook of community water supplies

Abstract: The American Water Works Association is a 47,000 member organization dedicated to assessing, promoting, and recognizing high water quality standards. Under the direction of the American Water Works Association, experts in environmental engineering, water chemistry, and water purification and treatment have pooled their experience and knowledge to make this the best and most useful Handbook possible. It includes comprehensive coverage of health and aesthetic aspects of water quality, water treatment process selection, water quality management, water treatment plant waste management, in addition to specific methods for water treatment.

Water and Wastewater Examination Manual

Abstract: This new manual is an indispensable working lab guide and reference for water/wastewater quality analysis. Based on procedures from "Standard Methods" and "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Waste (EPA)," and other pertinent references the Water and Wastewater Examination Manual is an excellent complement to these references-that you will want to keep at your fingertips. Written especially for use by water quality laboratory technicians and water/wastewater operators, managers and supervisors-who will use this practical manual every day. Procedures are included for parameters frequently used in water quality analysis.

Effects of Climate Warming on Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Lake Erie

Abstract: A coupled hydrodynamic and water quality model was used to examine the response of dissolved oxygen concentrations to warming of the central basin of Lake Erie. An area-averaged hydrodynamic model was used to estimate the lake temperatures and thermocline variability as forced by surface heating and winds. Vertical turbulence mixing processes were incorporated by a second-moment, turbulence closure submodel. The water quality model comprised a set of 15 mass balance equations that predicted distributions of phytoplankton biomass, nutrient concentration, and dissolved oxygen. A synthesis of the results from the coupled model forced by climate warming scenarios from three atmospheric general circulation models suggested that there will be a substantial decline in oxygen concentrations in the central basin. Although forecasts of future conditions that are beyond established experiences are uncertain, it appears likely that climate warming will lead to such a decline regardless of details in changes ...

Sediment Oxygen Demand Model: Methane and Ammonia Oxidation

Abstract: A model of sediment oxygen demand is presented that relates the sediment oxygen demand (SOD) to the extent of oxidation of dissolved methane and ammonia generated in the anaerobic zone of the sediment of lakes and streams. The fluxes of dissolved methane and ammonia from the sediment to the overlying water, as well as methane and nitrogen gas fluxes that escape as bubbles, are included in the model. The three model parameters—the dissolved methane mass transfer coefficient and the two oxidation rate parameters—are estimated from laboratory and field data sets. The effect of overlying water dissolved oxygen and temperature is examined. The importance of the gas fluxes and their quantitative relationship to SOD is established. Any field program that includes the measurement of SOD should also include the measurement of the nitrogen and methane fluxes as well. The model is limited to freshwater sediments since the oxidation of sulfides is not included. The contribution from the respiration of benthic macro f...

Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) in Drinking Water

Abstract: Developments in water treatment The removal in water treatment of microorganisms causing the so-called “water-borne” diseases and the prevention of contamination of drinking water with these organisms during storage and distribution, are major water quality objectives in water supply. These objectives affect both design criteria and operational procedures for water supply systems. The efficiency of the procedures and systems is monitored with bacteriological methods for determining the presence/absence of bacteria of fecal origin. In the past few decades, a number of developments have affected the “classical” concepts concerning water treatment and the bacteriological aspects of water quality. In the Netherlands, as in other countries, water treatment systems were adapted and new ones were constructed to cope with the increased demands for drinking water and the deteriorating quality of the raw water sources. Water treatment systems were extended with new processes, such as granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration and ozonation, particularly for the removal of persistent organic compounds affecting taste and odor or with otherwise undesirable properties.

Faecal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco-oral disease transmission. II. A hygiene intervention study in rural north-east Thailand.

Abstract: Most villagers in north-east Thailand carry water to their homes and store it in separate containers depending on its subsequent use. In one village, information on water use was collated with the bacteriological quality of stored water, water sources and fingertip-rinses. Stored water quality was a function of water-related activities rather than quality at source (P less than 0.0001). Specifically water used for toilet, washing dishes and cooking-related activities was much more contaminated with faecal bacteria than that used for drinking and cooking. Salmonella spp. was significantly more common in water used for washing dishes than drinking (P less than 0.05). Escherichia coli contamination of fingertip-rinses was strongly associated with the individual's activity prior to testing (P less than 0.0001); child care, food and water-related activities produced much higher levels of fingertip contamination than others. Dirty utensils used for cooking and eating were usually left to soak and faecal bacterial growth occurred in this grossly contaminated soak-water. Cross-contamination via water handling was the main mechanism of stored water pollution. These results were used to develop a hygiene intervention study presented in a companion paper.

Evaluation of best Management Practices for Controlling Nonpoint Pollution from Silvicultural Operations

Abstract: Fifteen years of streamflow and water quality data were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of Best Management Practices (BMP's) in controlling nonpoint source pollution from an 110 acre commercial clearcut located in the Ridge and Valley Province of central Pennsylvania The analyses addressed both short- and long-term changes in the physical and chemical properties and the hydro-logic regime of the stream draining this 257-acre watershed Overall, the BMP's employed on this commercial clearcut were very effective in preventing serious deterioration of stream quality as a result of forest harvesting Although statistically significant increases in nitrate and potassium concentrations and temperature and turbidity levels were measured the first two years following harvesting, the increases were relatively small and, with the exception of turbidity, within drinking water standards Nevertheless, such increases may violate EPA's anti-degradation policy Nitrate and potassium concentrations and turbidity levels remained above pre-harvesting levels for as long as nine years following harvesting Clearcutting also significantly increased water yield, which in turn initially lowered the concentrations of most solutes because of dilution Increased water yields returned to pro-harvesting levels within four years as a result of rapid regrowth The export of some ions increased; however, the increased export appeared to be insufficient to affect site fertility Implementation of periodic post-harvest inspections of harvested areas, increasing the width of the buffer zone, and utilizing buffer zones on all perennial and intermittent channels would reduce further impacts of silvi-cultural activities on water quality

Water quality management.

Abstract: The sustainable management of water quality has policy, technical, institutional and financial components. In many developing countries restricted funding is usually combined with fragile or unstable institutions and limited technical capabilities to deal with an expanding range of water quality problems. Therefore, there needs to be a priority on establishing a coherent and realistic national policy response to water quality management so that limited funds and strengthening of capacity are strategically focused on essential issues, and institutional inertia or competition is eliminated. For example, the present state of many national data programs, for which there are no clear data objectives and no defined users of the data, represents an expensive failure of national policy. At the technical level, there has been great progress in western nations in developing more cost-effective monitoring, analytical protocols, and assessment methods. This flows not only from better scientific knowledge, but also from recognition that conventional monitoring programs are inefficient, expensive, and often not very useful. Regrettably, financial institutions and ODA programs tend to reinforce conventional approaches in developing countries with the result that these countries have little opportunity to develop a new, more appropriate and more sustainable data paradigm. In lesser developed countries where public health is the major concern, the traditional model of a centralized monitoring program often does not work, suggesting that a new model of decentralized community-based monitoring would be more effective. Growing national priorities for remediation of water quality in lake and river basins demonstrate the gap between needs and abilities in developing countries. This gap has a profound effect both on the types of interventions that are being (or should be) implemented and on how these can be sustained in developing countries. The increasing need for defensible, rational, remediation programs argues for a new model for capacity building so that the role of the consultant (company) is reduced to one of facilitator and not the primary implementer. Conventional approaches to river and lake restoration, such as dredging, are often ineffective and expensive. Alternative technologies that are more effective and sustainable are usually not considered because they do not fit into conventional engineering solutions. Financial sustainability is not a simple problem. It requires, in the first-instance, a well-defined and targeted program that meets specific management needs. It includes potential for cost-avoidance and cost-reduction as well as cost-recovery and income generation. It also depends on management and business skills at the program level and on fiscal policies and accountabilities at the state level that permit earnings retention and reinvestment. Experience suggests that redesign of national water quality data programs, including technical, institutional and legal components, is an effective first step to achieving cost-efficiency.

Modeling animal waste management practices: impacts on bacteria levels in runoff from agricultural lands.

Abstract: Runoff from agricultural lands carrying microorganisms from livestock manure can contaminate the food and water supplies of both animals and humans. Planning and design of animal waste management practices, thus, becomes more important as livestock populations become more concentrated. A computer model is proposed to predict the effects of animal waste management practices on the bacteria concentration of runoff from agricultural lands. The model uses Monte Carlo simulation to combine the deterministic relationships with statistical knowledge concerning rainfall and temperature variation. The model outputs maximum and minimum bacteria concentrations in runoff resulting from a storm assumed to occur immediately after manure is applied to the land. The model can simulate the effects of waste storage, filter strips, and incorporation of manure into the soil. Data and information collected from the Owl Run watershed in Fauquier County, Virginia is used to demonstrate the model's applicability and potential. Long-term manure storage was found to be the most appropriate practice for reducing bacteria concentrations for the study site. Incorporation of manure was as effective as long-term storage, but is more costly. Buffer strips alone were not sufficient for reducing bacteria concentrations to meet the water quality goal. Since animal waste management practices have only recently been implemented on the watershed, no field data is yet available to validate the model's predictions.

Irrigation of turfgrass with secondary sewage effluent. I, Soil and leachate water quality

Abstract: (...) The objective of this field experiment was to evaluate the effect of secondary treated municipal effluent irrigation on soil and leachate properties under a turf groundcover during the first 16 mo of irrigation. Research plots were irrigated identically with either effluent or potable water using a leaching fraction of approximately 20%. Effluent irrigation resulted in significant changes in soil properties after a relatively short period of time (...)

Water resources : issues and strategies

Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: water the prime resource the creation of an issue. Part 2 The physical resource: water at a macro and a micro scale assessing the physical base. Part 3 The human resource: structure for management at the national and international level. Part 4 Water supply: scale of the problem structural approaches non-structural approaches. Part 5 Flooding control and management: physical appraisal of flooding types of response. Part 6 Water quality: a history of changing concerns microbiological parameters physio-chemical parameters of water quality. Part 7 Water as a power resource: tidal power the status of hydro power hydro-electric power potential hydro-electric resources and development. Part 8 River basin planning: the Tennessee Valley Authority the Volta river basin the Senegal river regional water authorities. Part 9 Issues and strategies. Part 10 Lessons for the future: integration appropriateness knowledge transfer water resource principles global principles principles in the developed world developing world principles.

Anticipated Effects of Climate Change on Freshwater Fishes and Their Habitat

Abstract: We sketch an iterative assessment process for the effects of climate change on freshwater fisheries that uses water temperature, water quantity, and water quality variables to link the atmosphere to fishery resources. Iterative interaction among atmospheric, ecological, and fisheries scientists clarifies the information needs of each discipline and progressively improves the assessments of effects. The process incorporates information at different scales, i.e., organism/laboratory, species/habitat, and population/ecosystem. We illustrate the operation of the iterative assessment process with recent work done on the water temperature linkage, and sketch some linkages through water quantity and water quality variables. A Wild Salmonid Watch (WSW) could provide a framework for monitoring climate change and its effects on salmonid stocks on a hemispheric scale. We discuss the initial steps required to mobilize a WSW for climate change and its role as climate change develops in the decades ahead.

Baseflow water chemistry in New Zealand rivers. 1. Characterisation.

Abstract: In late summer to autumn 1987, 96 rivers throughout New Zealand were sampled in baseflow (< median flow) conditions, usually on three separate occasions. A wide range of water quality determinands were analysed to characterise water quality comprehensively at lower than median flows. River waters in New Zealand range widely in composition, particularly plant nutrients, but tend to be more dilute than world average freshwater (WAFW) because run‐off (specific yield) of water is generally high. Sodium and calcium are the most important cations in New Zealand rivers which can be described as “calcium‐sodium bicarbonate waters”, whereas WAFW is calcium bicarbonate water. Almost all river sites met existing guidelines and standards for drinking water, ecological protection, and freshwater fisheries.

Pollutant loadings and impacts from highway stormwater runoff. volume i: design procedure. final report

Abstract: This is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways, and the prediction of water quality impacts they cause. Study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31 highway runoff sites in 11 States. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. This document provides a step-by-step procedure for computing the estimated impacts on water quality of a stream or lake that receives highway runoff. Guidance is provided for evaluating whether or not a water quality problem will result, and the degree of pollution control required to mitigate impacts to acceptable levels.

Factors related to the distribution and abundance of brown and rainbow trout in New Zealand clear‐water rivers

Abstract: Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations at 157 riverine sites throughout New Zealand were divided into groups based on species, size, and abundance. The groups were examined to determine significant differences in hydrological, water quality, water temperature, biological, in‐stream habitat, and catchment variables between groups. A discriminant model was developed with nine environmental factors which correctly classified 72% of a subset of 65 sites. Fish species distribution was related to climatic (water temperature), geographical, and hydrological factors, whereas fish abundance was determined by factors relating to flow variability, river gradient, in‐stream habitat, and the presence of lakes in the catchment.

Rural water supplies and sanitation.

Abstract: Part 1 Sanitation: rural sanitation introduction to Blair Latrine how to build the Blair Latrine and various versions Blair training programmes. Part 2 Supply/health: rural water supply underground water hand dug wells hand drilled tubewells sanitary surveys handpumps supplying water by gravity water point design hygiene drinking water quality purification.

Baseflow water chemisty in New Zealand rivers 2. Influence of environmental factors

Abstract: Baseflow water chemistry in 96 New Zealand rivers was related to selected environmental variables quantifying lithology, land use, topography, and hydrology. The river sites were clustered using five water quality variables: major ions, phosphorus species, organic and nitrogen species, calcium, and nitrate. Eleven site clusters were identified and the differing water quality regimes discussed. The effect of the environmental factors on water quality was investigated using discriminant analysis. The resultant model assigned 73% of the sites to the correct cluster. The most important environmental variables determining water quality were hydrological variables such as specific yield, and proportional areas in the catchment of soft sedimentary rock, intensive pasture (which was negatively correlated with steep slopes and high altitudes), exotic forest, and volcanically derived rock. Multiple regression equations relating individual water quality determin‐ands to these environmental variables were de...

Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, Churchill County, Nevada, 1986-87

Abstract: An investigation was initiated to determine whether irrigation drainage in and near the Stillwater Wildlife Management Area has caused or has potential to cause harmful effects on human health or fish and wildlife, or may adversely affect the suitability of water for beneficial uses. Samples of surface and groundwater, bottom sediment, and biota were collected from sites upstream and downstream from the Fallon agricultural area in the Carson Desert and were analyzed for potentially toxic trace elements, including selenium. Other analyses included radioactive substances, major dissolved constituents, and nutrients in water, and pesticide residues in bottom sediments and biota. In areas affected by irrigation drainage, concentrations of the following constituents commonly were found to exceed baseline concentrations or federal and state criteria for the protection of aquatic life or the propagation of wildlife: in water, arsenic, boron, dissolved solids, sodium, and un-ionized ammonia; in bottom sediments, arsenic, lithium, mercury, molybdenum, and selenium; and in biota, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, mercury, selenium, and zinc. In some wetlands, selenium and mercury appear to be biomagnified whereas arsenic is bioaccumulated. Some radioactive substances were substantially higher at the downstream sites compared with upstream background sites, but the significance of this to wildlife ismore » unknown at present. 88 refs., 32 figs., 19 tabs.« less