Showing papers on "Water supply published in 1969"

Intergovernmental Planning of Water Resourcesa

Abstract: The need for a Federal role in the water resources development of the United States was recognized early in its history. The 20th century has seen a dramatic acceleration of activity in the water resources development field, with a concomitant increase in Federal participation. By 1960 the need for coordinating the many Federal programs in water planning and related resources development became apparent. A Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources was formed. The Committee's report was the basis for the Water Resources Research Act of 1964 and the Water Resources Planning Act of 1965. The objective of the Water Resources Planning Act is to provide for optimum development of water resources through the Water Resources Council and several River Basin Commissions, and by providing financial assistance to the States in order to increase State participation in water resources planning. A Council report on the Ohio River Basin will be published soon; this should be followed by the Missouri Rivet Basin report before 1970. The completion of reports for all major river basins has been scheduled for the mid 1970's. These framework studies include population, economic development, and water supply and water use data projected as far as the year 2020. The Water Resources Council also prepares a biennial assessment of the adequacy of supplies of water necessary to meet the requirements in each water resource region in the United States. For this purpose a river basin model is being prepared to determine probabilities of deficiencies and quality requirements in 300 basins, and economic concepts for determination of optimum water use alternatives are being incorporated in the model. Another assignment to the Council under Title I of the Water Resources Planning Act is the preparation of guidelines for all Federal participants in comprehensive regional water planning, and for the formulation and evaluation of Federal water resources projects of all types. The Council also is working on specific proposals for improved floodplain management. Title II of the Act authorizes the President to establish river basin commissions at the request of one or more States and with concurrence by the Council. Title III provides a basis for increased participation by the States in water planning by granting of matching funds. All but two States are now taking part in the State Grant program.

Treatment of high nitrate waters

Abstract: ards were put into effect, the lack of an economical method for the removal of excess nitrates was acknowledged. Thus, seeking other water supplies or warning the population in the high nitrate areas of the potential danger of using the water for infant feeding and informing them of alternate sources was suggested. The results of recent investigations on the removal of nitrates from irrigation return waters in the San Joaquin Valley in California have indicated that biological denitrification may be an economically feasible way to remove nitrates. These investigations have been conducted by an interagency group composed of the California Dept. of Water Resources, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, and the Bureau of Reclamation.2 The primary purpose has been to develop methods to control the discharge of undesirable quantities of nitrates into the San Francisco Bay system rather than to develop a process for nitrate removal from a municipal water supply. However, of the several processes studied, biological denitrification in filter beds has proved to have the stability and efficiency of operation that would be necessary for treatment of a drinking water supply. This paper contains a summary of the pilot-plant studies which were conducted to estimate chemical requirements, to evaluate possible filter media, and to determine the important operating parameters.

Water Supply Economics, Technology and Policy

Abstract: An attempt is made in this book to effect a major change, rather than merely a marginal modification in the trend of current practice and thought on water-supply problems. Since publication of the first edition of this book in 1960, the authors have reexamined water developments in their two major case-study areas: New York City and southern California. The evaluations and recommendations of the authors from the original book are further discussed here in twelve chapters: The Water Problem; Our Water Resources; The Present Picture; The Economics of Utilization of Existing Water Supplies; Criticisms of Market Allocations; The Political Allocation Process; Municipal Water Rates; Investment in Additional Water Supplies; The Practical Logic of Investment Efficiency Calculations;Technological Features and Costs of Alternative Supplies of Water; Water Law: Government Discretion or Property Rights; New York's ''Water Crisis'': Case Study of a Crucial Decision; Water for Southern California: Case Study of an Arid Region; and Some Controversial Conclusions and Their Implications. (MCW)

Research on recreational use of watersheds and reservoirs

Abstract: PUBLIC outdoor pressure recreation for is water-based grooving utdoor re reati n is groovin steadily in the United States. According to the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Committee, 41 per cent of this country's population prefers water-based recreation over any other. Swimming is now one of the most popular outdoor activities ; boating and fishing rank among the top 10.1 Because of this heightened interest in water-based recreation, increasing attention is being given to the possibility of using public water supply sources for recreation.

The development of the irrigation economy of mendoza, argentina

Abstract: The agricultural pattern of Mendoza, Argentina, has two main elements, an early-developed region of vineyards around Mendoza city, and a region to west, south, and east with more crop diversity and modern technology. Four principal factors contribute to the difference between these two, 1) climate; 2) the chronology of agricultural settlement; 3) land tenure; and 4) the manner of water provision. The Mendoza city region is associated with higher temperatures and longer growing season than the peripheral region, with earlier development of irrigated land, with backward forms of land tenure, and with only limited use of well water to aid river supplies. Both land tenure and water provision are changing factors with considerable impact on the rate of agricultural development. The probable qualitative effect of two further changes in water supply, high dams, and new water control legislation, is comparable to that of well use. By contrast, canal lining and river diversion are primarily quantitative a...

Cost of Municipal and Industrial Wells in Illinois, 1964-1966

Abstract: This study of the cost of water wells and pumps is based on information obtained for 143 municipal and industrial water-supply wells drilled in Illinois during 1964, 1965, and 1966. Regression analyses using the method of least squares show that the cost of wells is directly related to depth and the cost of pumps is directly related to capacity. A series of cost-depth relationships which plot as straight lines on log-log graph paper are developed for wells tapping sand and gravel aquifers; shallow sandstone, limestone, or dolomite aquifers; and deep sandstone aquifers. Similar graphs relating pump cost to capacity are also presented for various operating heads. Use of the materials presented in this circular should provide reasonable estimates of the initial investments involved in constructing and equipping water wells of given sizes and types in the primary aquifers of the state. Sample cost estimates have been given for each type of well and pump discussed in the report. These data are intended to establish orders of magnitude for comparison purposes and do not substitute for more detailed engineering estimates.

Control for a water closet

Abstract: Water closet supply tanks of the type embodying a float regulating the water supply, according as the level of water rises in said tank. Particularly, a control tank positioned within said water tank, so as to encompass the float and ensure cutting off of the water supply if the discharge valve remains open in the water tank.

Perception and Public Policy in the Recreational Use of Domestic Water Supply Reservoirs

Abstract: Recreational activities are more restricted on domestic water supply reservoirs in the Northeast and Far West than in the remainder of the United States. In the Northeast and Far West, recreational activities are usually prohibited from domestic water supply reservoirs, especially bodily contact activities; the water managers view recreation as incompatible with the production of safe potable water, and consumer opinion opposes such reservoir use. In the remainder of the country, recreational activities are not only allowed on domestic water supply reservoirs, but the water managers do not consider reservoir recreation as inimical to the hygienic and aesthetic qualities of the drinking water, and the public favors such reservoir use. From a literature review, the writer concludes that all recreational activities can be permitted on domestic water supply reservoirs without any measurable increase in the risk of water-borne disease if the water is properly treated.

Combined use of surface and ground water for the water supply to barcelona (spain)

Abstract: Summary The geological and hydrological caracteristics of the ground-water reservoirs used for the Barcelona water suply are described. The conection between surface and ground water is emphasized. Ground water meets about 50% of the courrent water demands for water suply to Barcelona Metropolitan area (500 hm3 for year or 360 MGD). Present and future problems such as water pollution and water shortage, legal cuestions and education are briefty touched upon. Finally the operational plan to solve or to avoid these problems is described This plan includes combined use of surface and sub-surface reservoirs for water concervation.

Projecting Hydrologic and Economic Interrelationships in Groundwater Basin Management

Abstract: THRIVING local economies have developed through the exploitation of groundwater stocks for crop irrigation in many places in the southwestern United States. A decade or two of heavy pumping has led to substantial declines in the depth to water, increases in water costs, and public debate over the appropriate policies with which to help meet the adjustment problems of the affected communities. The groundwater basin can be regarded as a system with two major components: the source of the water supply (the aquifer) and the source of demand for water (the water-using firms). Hydrologists have developed rather sophisticated procedures for predicting the behavior of aquifers. Likewise, economists have devised complex models to project the demand for water. It is perhaps not surprising that specialists such as Stults [6], an economist, and Anderson [1], a hydrologist, working independently, should each adopt relatively simplified formulations to represent the behavior of the system component least familiar to them. Studies of groundwater basins exhibiting similar limitations in either the hydrologic or demand components can be cited in studies of California and Texas groundwater basins. Burt [4] is one example. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of utilizing a procedure whereby the partial analyses of the economists and the hydrologists were integrated into a total system approach. The model expressing the interactions between the irrigated farming sector of the economy and the physical state of the aquifer can be used to predict the results of alternative public policies for managing the groundwater basin. Alternatives include augmentation from distant sources of surface water, pumpage limitations, pumpage taxes, or continuation of present policies without new regulation or augmentation. The results of the analysis of one such alternative, that of continuing present unrestricted pumping without augmen-

Water reuse for public supply

Abstract: cuss, briefly, certain aspects of water reuse for public water supply purposes. Water reuse of this kind has been with us for a long time. Its extent ranges from minor to substantial. It is a "way of life" along many of the rivers of America; in Europe, reuse has been practiced for a century or more, principally through artificial recharge of ground water basins. Water serves people in a variety of ways; one of its important uses is for the transportation of waste materials away from cities and industries. As a result of this service as a waste trans-

Water Safety Plans: Risk assessment for consumers in Drinking Water Supply Systems

Abstract: Consumers are the last stage in Drinking Water Supply Systems (DWSS) and they are characterized by their vulnerability to hazards due to the proximity of consumption point. The aim of this study is to carry out the risk assessment on water consumer in DWSS in Cali, which is supplied by Cauca River and framed in the philosophy of Water Safety Plans (WSP). Tools such as the matrix of hazards or hazardous events, monitoring water quality, conducting household surveys, and a semi-quantitative matrix for risk estimation were used. The results showed consumers’ low perception on health risk and a lack of knowledge on their responsibility for protecting drinking water quality, which can lead to an inappropriate behavior affecting the integrity of the internal distribution system. Although most analyzed variables met national regulations, some monitored points into buildings showed low values of residual chlorine and high values of heterotrophic plate count bacteria, suggesting potential risks related to the presence of biofilms. The participation and commitment to fall involved stakeholder actors are key strategies to avoid misbehaviors, and thus, reduce risks. Besides, the promotion of educational campaigns as indicated by national regulations must be performed.

Perfil da qualidade das águas subterraneas de manaus

Abstract: Manaus city, capital of the Amazonas state, is at the left bank of Rio Negro. The surrounding region is characterized by the geological Alter do Chao Formation consisting of sandy-clay tertiary sediments. An important annual rainfall of 2,300 mm, classifies the climate as hot humid with a highly divers vegetation. The city water supply is mainly provided by tubular wells whose recharge comes from rain and Rio Negro water. A private enterprise explores captation and public water supply. The ground water of Manaus was evaluated during the rainy period. Tubular wells water are selected and water sampled for physical and physic-chemical analysis. The obtained data pointed out that the waters have low dissolved constituent concentrations with a low increase of the elements in the rainy period. They also indicated rapid infiltration, of surface water and excellent human and industrial consumption quality. The water quality is in concordance with standards established in current legislation.

Water Resources and the Urban Environmenta

Abstract: Approximately two-thirds of the present population live in the urban environment; by the year 2000, it is anticipated that five-sixths of the population will be urban The trend of metropolitan growth is not the continued growth of major cities, but rather the expansion in population and size of the smaller suburban communities The urbanization of the country is reflected in the emphasis on comprehensive water resources development – area-wide and basin-wide planning and management In some areas of intense urban development the problems of water quality control, recreational use of water, and water for cooling and waste transport have become more significant than problems of adequate supplies for withdrawal A major share of future water resource investigations will necessarily be directed to the urban environment, where geologic and hydrologic data is needed in urban planning The general pattern associated with community development–the initial use of ground-water resources by individual systems, to the use of a community well and distribution system, and finally the use of surface-water sources far removed from the urban center–has contributed to the development of the “commodity concept’ of water use By this attitude the water resource is viewed only in terms of its adequacy as a water supply; waste discharge and recreation uses are being ignored or considered a‘ downstream” problem This concept is particularly inappropriate when applied in the multicommunity complexes of the metropolitan areas where there is little in the way of a “downstream” Water problems must be dealt with at the metropolitan level rather than at the individual community level; and not by a proliferation of smaller units of government and public agencies that often overlap and duplicate effort The nature of the metropolitan complex requires that we think in terms of closed systems involving reclamation and reuse rather than in terms of the open system of withdrawal, use and discharge

Economic efficiency of the Volga-Kama dam system

Abstract: The national economy will be greatly benefited by construction of the Volga and Kama hydraulic installations, and the benefits will be progressively greater: higher electric power output, higher capacity of river transport, and further improvement in water supply for agriculture, industry, and household use. Storage basins of the Volga-Kama dam system will supply water for various branches of the national economy. Tentative calculations show a future deficiency of 15–20 km3 of water in connection with the rising industrial and household demands and the planned irrigation of 2.5 million hectares in the Trans-Volga region-this even in the presence of reservoirs which control drainage but also must maintain the navigation channel depth in the dry summer months. This is one of the factors that lends urgency to the task of drainage diversion from the northern rivers to the Volga-Kama basin.

Water systems for interstate safety rest areas: quantity and quality aspects

Abstract: INTERSTATE SAFETY REST AREA FACILITIES PROVIDE UNUSUAL WATER USE DEMANDS. THE DESIGN OF WATER SYSTEM ELEMENTS CAN BE BASED ON THE PEAK INSTANTANEOUS, MAXIMUM HOURLY, AND MAXIMUM DAILY WATER DEMAND RATES. THE PEAK INSTANTANEOUS DEMAND RATE ESTABLISHES THE REQUIRED PIPE SIZES AND THE CAPACITY OF ELEMENTS SUCH AS THE PUMPS TO THE HYDRO-PNEUMATIC TANKS. THE WATER SOURCE CAPACITY SHOULD BE EQUAL TO THE MAXIMUM DAILY WATER USE RATE WHILE THE REQUIRED STORAGE VOLUMES ARE DETERMINED BY THE MAXIMUM HOURLY USE RATE. WATER AVAILABLE FROM NATURAL SOURCES SUCH AS WELLS IS NOT PURE. NUMEROUS TYPES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF IMPURITIES PRESENT IN THE WATER SUPPLY WILL INFLUENCE THE SUITABILITY OF THE SOURCE. THE NEED FOR BACTERIOLOGICALLY SAFE WATER IS OBVIOUS. OTHER CONSTITUENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS, SUCH AS IRON, MANGANESE, SULFATES, CHLORIDES, NITRATES, AND HARDNESS, MUST BE CONSIDERED IN SELECTION OF A WATER SOURCE. THE ADEQUACY OF THE AVAILABLE WATER QUANTITY AND WATER QUALITY MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE EARLY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAFETY REST AREA FACILITIES. THE SUCCESSFUL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF NUMEROUS REST AREA FACILITIES THROUGHOUT EACH STATE WILL DEPEND TO A GREAT EXTENT ON THE STANDARDIZATION OF THE WATER SYSTEMS. THIS DESIGN APPROACH WILL BE PARTICULARLY ADAPTABLE TO THE HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS AND IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO MANY OF THE TREATMENT ELEMENTS OF THE WATER SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/

Scientific Principles of the Complex Utilization and Conservation of Water Resources

Abstract: A leading water-resource geographer outlines a series of measures that, in his view, would assure mankind with an unpolluted water supply for many more generations. He opposes the view that inland waters are virtually lost to man as a source of water and that other sources such as desalting of seawater or melting of icebergs must be sought. The proposed measures envisage the gradual reduction and ultimately halting of the discharge of wastes and sewage into streams and lakes by the use of municipal sewage for irrigation of forage crops near urban centers and the provision of closed water systems within industrial plants, including treatment and reuse of wastes.

Global water supply development

Abstract: MOST gaged AWWA in meeting members the increasing are engaged in meeting the i creasing water demands of urbanization and industrial growth. This is a big challenge, but is being met in the United States at least to a greater degree than in most parts of the world. Here one can continue to drive across the country stopping enroute and getting a safe drink of water almost! At any rate it is not necessary to take along globaline or halazone or to boil water routinely. This is a good parameter of the availability of safe water for the large majority of the people of this country. It is a tribute to the water works profession as well as to government and industry in meeting their respective responsibilities for providing and maintaining safe and adequate water supplies at reasonable cost. Yes, there continue to be major water supply problems in the United States, but most of the rest of the world is in far worse condition in this respect.

Agricultural Development in Maharashtra- Some Aspects

Abstract: There is a marked relationship between agricultural incomes and availability of water in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. Ahmednagar being a dry area, the farmer has to depend on irrigation for assured water supply on which his ability to take to improved technology depends.

New Thrusts in Ground Watera

Abstract: Four principal trends in ground water are apparent: (1) Increasing use of ground water for domestic supplies. Geohydrologists must learn to quantitatively evaluate the supply under conditions of maximum development, not merely determine the availability of a supply that does not strain the aquifer. (2) Aquifers will be looked to increasingly as possible storage media for surplus flood water, in place of dams and reservoirs. The key here is economics – optimum utilization of resources. The job of the geohydrologist is to do enough research and experimentation to determine when, where, and how ground-water reservoirs can be recharged artificially at a reasonable cost. (3) Saline aquifers will be looked at as sources of water supply. The cost curves of developing new supplies of fresh water are ascending while the cost curves for desalinization are declining, and inevitably they will cross in one area after another. There is a paucity of information on saline ground-water aquifers; hence, the utmost skill must be used in evaluating the resource. (4) With efforts to prevent stream pollution, aquifers will be looked to increasingly as possible storage media for industrial and domestic waste effluents. Control is urgently needed so the effects of waste injection can be predicted, the technology for confining those effects as intended can be developed, and a basis can be provided for a rational decision as to whether waste injection or an alternative use of the chosen aquifer is best for the economy in the long run. However, there is little legal basis for control, and the cost of such control may make the practice unfeasible in many situations. A systems-analysis approach is needed to develop a working model of a given hydrologie and socio-economic problem from which quantitative answers can be given to water planners.