Showing papers on "Water supply published in 1970"

Applied Stream Sanitation

Abstract: A revision of the successful text/reference on rational methods of stream analysis, presenting useful scientific and engineering tools for evaluating waste assimilation capacity and water quality in rivers and streams. Emphasizes practical applications and actual pollution problems. Three important new chapters examine self-purification of nondegradables, true metals, and other toxics, the impact of basinwide secondary biological treatment, and mathematical modeling versus rational assessment methods.

The temporal allocation of ground water—A simulation approach

Abstract: Users of ground water are typically interdependent in that withdrawals affect the conditions of water supply experienced by neighboring pumpers. In such cases all costs are not registered on the unit making the withdrawal decision, and the individual user of ground water is encouraged to withdraw water at a rate faster than is socially optimal. Previous attempts to consider the problem of the optimal rate of pumping over time from a ground-water basin have used a simplified model for the ground-water system that assumes that drawdowns in response to withdrawals are uniformly distributed through the basin. However, large differences in drawdown commonly occur in developing ground-water systems. These differences throughout the basin lead to great variations in water costs and perhaps to localized economic and hydrologic failure. We have incorporated a more realistic ground-water model into a simulation program representing a ground-water basin system. The effects of two policy instruments, a use tax and a quota, were investigated for a hypothetical basin in an arid region in which irrigated farming was the principal economic activity. A policy of unrestricted use was compared with a policy of regulation for several alternative aquifer developments. Policies that reduced the rate of withdrawal increased the discounted net economic yield.

Survey of community water supply systems

Abstract: lected to give examples of the several types of water supplies in the country. A whole Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) was the basis of each survey, except in Region I where the entire State of Vermont was included, with evaluations made on all public water supply systems, as defined herein, in each study area. This coverage allowed an assessment of the drinking water quality of the large central city, the suburbs, and the smaller communities located in the counties in the SMSA, and the interaction between them.

Systems analysis of water supply systems

Abstract: This paper describes the use of systems analysis and operations research techniques for the planning, design, and operation of specific parts of a water supply system. Only two areas of interest are emphasized and results of current research studies are indicated. The first topic deals with the optimal design and development of ground water sources, particularly the operation of well fields. The second topic deals with regional development of future supply sources. The question of which supplies should be developed, at what time, to what degree, and which transmission lines should be built to minimize the costs of regional water supply, are formulated mathematically. KEY WORDS: ground water; optimal design; systems; water supply

Trees, Water and Perspective

Abstract: SUMMARY Data on the effects of forests on water supplies under South African conditions are meagre but with local and overseas evidence the detrimental effects in the Natal uplands are deduced. The deductions are not highly reliable but in the greater part of the forestry zone there is only a small range within which afforestation can affect runoff. Some popular misconceptions about the effects of forests are dispelled. The effect of tree-planting on regional water supplies is discussed. It is concluded that afforestation can cause a marked decrease in local runoff. For the scale of future afforestation now considered likely, this effect, seen in relation to the growth of demand for water, is, however, so small that changes in dryland land management to increase runoff are not justified. Funds and energy would be better expended in securing additional water supplies from other sources which must, in any case, be found when existing supplies are no longer adequate.

Nonlinear programing applied to regional water resource planning

Abstract: Methods of nonlinear programing enable us to find the least-cost mix of alternatives (reservoirs, weather modification, wells, desalination, and treated waste water) to satisfy future water demands within a region. The analysis demonstrates that analytical techniques can be applied to the complex problem of water supply to make the planning process more meaningful. Decisions can be made with some degree of confidence that they will not be outdated before initiated. A sensitivity analysis is attempted in an effort to define the effect of future technology on the alternative sources of water, but because of the unpredictability of this factor, other approaches must be tried.

Engineering Evaluation of Virus Hazard in Water

Abstract: The evaluation is presented in terms of 13 questions: What virus infections may be spread through water? How important is water in transmitting virus disease? Can the coliform index be applied to an evaluation of enteric viruses in water? What is the status of control of infectious hepatitis transmission by shellfish? What is the status of sampling and detection procedures for viruses in water? How effective are sewage treatment processes in removing viruses? What risk is associated with use of sewage effluents for crop irrigation? Do birds or animals contribute health important viruses to water? Do enteric viruses multiply in water? What is the extent of virus contamination of water? How long do viruses survive in water? How significant is the hazard resulting from recreational use of impounded sources of drinking water supply? How effective are water purification processes in removing viruses? The report concludes that, while further study is desirable, existing technology and careful, vigilant plant operation can provide an acceptable level of protection for water users.

Realistic Rainfall Simulation for Field Investigation

Abstract: Paper to be presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Washington, D.C., on April 24, 1970. / Project was funded by the Office of Water Resources Research, Department of the Interior, and the State of Arizona as a part of an overall matching grant project entitled "Development of Economic Water Harvest Systems for Increasing Water Supply."

The optimization of the operation of a multi-purpose water resource system

Abstract: The objective of any water resource system is to transform the natural waters of a river basin into a form such that optimal use of these waters will result. Thus the water may be transformed into electrical energy, transferred in space for water supply and irrigation, transferred in time for flood control and maintenance of adequate streamflows, or simply retained for use as a means for achieving water-based recreation.

Dynamic Programming for Optimum Conjunctive Use

Abstract: The Las Vegas, Nevada area like most semi-arid basins, was developed through exploitation of available ground-water resources. Area growth in this large valley has occurred in a scattered and sporadic manner with development both in incorporated areas and within the County. As a result, today there exist five major water suppliers which are: a water district, three municipalities, and a large corporation, in addition to numerous small water companies and thousands of domestic wells. In the past 20 years the area has grown from a population of less than 50,000 to over 300,000 today. The bulk of the water demand for this growth has been met from the ground-water resource and as a result the basin is being severely mined. Current extractions are over three times the estimated annual replenishment. Rapidly declining water levels are increasing the costs of water and are creating water shortages during periods of peak demand. To meet both the current and anticipated water demands, the Southern Nevada Water Supply Project is being constructed to import additional water from nearby Lake Mead. Agriculture in the area is very limited, and primarily uses reclaimed waste water for irrigation. The chief water demands in the area are thus municipal and industrial, with the former predominating. This study was designed to determine how best the Las Vegas Valley Water District, supplier of 80 percent of the domestic water, might integrate the use of the existing ground water and anticipated imported surface water. Additionally the consequences of application of certain provisions in the Nevada Water Law were examined to determine their effects on the ground-water system and costs of water. To achieve these objectives, a dynamic programming technique was utilized. The problem as formulated consists of a single decision variable, single state variable dynamic programming algorithm evaluated over a fifty-year planning horizon at monthly intervals. Three alternative solutions, with different ground-water law constraints are evaluated. In all solutions certain basic operating rules regarding ground-water pumping distribution and use of surface-water systems are kept constant. The problem is considered as deterministic in all respects. Recharge to ground water is assumed to equal the estimated average annual replenishment evenly distributed over the year and additionally is not considered to be a function of average basin ground water potential. The only surface supply, Lake Mead, is considered to operate at near constant elevation and not be subject to shortage conditions. In light of the size of Lake Mead, the Colorado River flow and the size of Nevada's allotment, 300,000 ac ft, the latter assumption is reasonable. Demand for water is considered as a known function of time. Optimization of conjunctive use for the Water District is based on the objective function of minimizing water production costs. Costs of distributing water are considered to be constant regardless of source, and so are not included. Also, fixed costs of amortizing the pipeline project and well fields are not considered. Results of the study are presented as a series of policy traces under each of the three alternatives considered. These traces describe the ground-water basin response under optimal operating conditions, given an estimate as to the present worth of ground-water pumping rights, and prescribe monthly water-procurement schedules for the operation of the Water District.

Wastewater treatment and renovation status of process development.

Abstract: It is particularly apropos to be speak ing to a joint meeting of water supply and water pollution specialists to dis cuss the status of new developments in processes for the treatment and renova tion of wastewaters. The objective of treatment is water pollution control; the objective of renovation is water supply. It is becoming increasingly obvious that our efforts to achieve effective water pollution control for the nation are resulting in the not-so-surprising discovery that we also can produce a valuable by-product, renovated water, suitable for reuse. Industrial use, ir rigation, recreation, and even potable w7ater supply are uses to which this by product can and, in the not too dis tant future, must be applied in more and more areas of this country and the world.

Water quality effects of leaching from submerged soils

Abstract: WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF LEACHING FROM SUBMERGED SOILS I water may result in the leaching of undesirable materials from the inundated soils. When present in excessive concentrations, these materials can interfere with desired water uses. Whipple, Fair, and Whipple 1 provide an excellent early review and summary of problems encountered in water supply reservoirs. Recent investigations have been conducted in the State of Washington 2, S and in Norway." With the exception of the Norwegian study, where the waters were already colored (about 40 to 60 mg platinum per liter), the studies have been concerned with waters containing low color values and humic material content. Rivers in the coastal plains of the southeastern United States drain extensive swamp lands; these waters are so strongly colored that they are referred to locally as "black-waters." Color usually exceeds 100 units, and may be over 200 units. Abundant humic materials in the water are the principal cause of this color and, if measured as lignin, may range from five to greater than 20 mgj1. With community and industrial growth, it has become necessary to construct reservoirs in this region to ensure adequate water supplies, flood protection, and flow augmentation. The US Army Corps of Engineers proposes to impound the Northeast Cape Fear River near the community of Kornegay, Duplin County, North Carolina. Kornegay Reservoir will be designed for multiple uses including flood control, water supply, flow augmentation for downstream water quality improvement, recreation, fisheries, and wildlife. Kornegay Reservoir will inundate an area with rich organic soils that may leach additional undesirable materials to the water, affecting water quality adversely for proposed uses. The Corps of Engineers requested the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to assess the magnitude of the problem and to recommend methods to alleviate or reduce the addition of undesirable materials to the impounded waters. To determine if the "black-waters" of the Northeast Cape Fear River

Study on the Development of Water Crisis in Bali Island in 2009 and 2013

Abstract: Water resources are one of the most important natural resources for human life in carrying out their various activities. Bali is a relatively a small island as well as a center for the development of tourism in Indonesia. The population as well as the number of tourists keeps increasing every year which has resulted in the water crisis problem. The development of the water crisis derived from the ratio of the amount of water supply to the amount of water demand in the Island of Bali. Water supply is determined by using the runoff coefficient method which was modified from the rational method. By co-relating the runoff coefficient with the average rainfall and the size of the island, the supply of water can be determined. The water demand is determined by using the variable of the population size and the Falkenmark indicator. The development of the water crisis is determined by comparing the amount of supply and demand of water in 2009 and 2013. The result of the calculation showed that the total water supply in Bali in 2009 amounted to 4.71 billion m3 / year and decreased to 3.57 billion m3 / year in 2013. During that period, the total water demand increased; in 2009 it amounted to 5.46 billion m3 / year and in 2013 it amounted to 6.23 billion m3 / year. Thus, Bali has experienced a water deficit in 2009 and in 2013. The condition of Bali in 2009 showed that out of the 9 districts / cities, five experienced a water deficit, whereas in 2013 it increased to 8 districts / cities that have experienced a water deficit. Therefore, Bali should take serious steps to save water resources, not only to save the tourism development, which has become the mainstay of Bali, but also for the sustainability of the Balinese people’s lives.

Wastewater Reuse—A Supplemental Supply

Abstract: Historically, Los Angeles County has learned to quench its thirst from many sources. Completion of the California Water Project in 1971-72 and the second barrel of the Owen River Aqueduct in 1972 will ensure adequate supplies until about 1990. These high quality imported waters will also enhance the quality of treated wastewater for subsequent reuse. Undoubtedly, much of this better quality water will be used directly for irrigation or percolation to the underground. New processes resulting from a rapidly developing technology can be readily integrated into the water renovation plants not being operated or under construction by the Sanitation Districts as new reuse applications arise. Ultimately, demineralization of wastewater may be practical on a large scale, since processes now under development appear competitive with alternative sources of supply. While a significant quantity of wastewater is suitable for treatment and reuse, it should be considered in its proper role—as a supplemental supply.

Effective water resources management in the urban setting

Abstract: Water resources management in the urban areas of the United States to be effective must include dimensions far beyond water supply and sewerage This paper concerns itself with those problem areas of water resource management outside of potable water supply and sanitary sewers These areas include flood plain management, greenways and blueways, storm water, vistas of waterways, and other attributes of living in or near a water-related environment The perceptions and attitudes of the concerned public and community power structure must be known in order to manage the water environment effectively Methods of measuring these perceptions and attitudes are described and ways in which the resulting citizen-resource can be tapped and used as a management device are explored

Total Dollar Benefit of Water Pollution Control

Abstract: Tangible dollar benefits of a lake or stream at a given water quality may be estimated by determining all uses which both affect and are affected by water quality, by independently valuing each use, and by summing the resultant values. Measurable beneficial water uses related to water quality include recreational uses, withdrawal water uses, wastewater disposal uses, bordering land uses and in-stream water uses. The value of each beneficial use may be estimated by a user willingness to pay criteria or by an evaluation of benefits derived from avoiding payment. Application of this method to Onondaga Lake at Syracuse, New York, produces an estimated net social benefit of $4,400,000 per yr. Recreation proves to be the most important beneficial use for Onondaga Lake at improved water quality and recreational value comprises close to half of the total net annual benefits of decreased pollution. Estimation of tangible dollar benefits of water pollution control may be useful in the decision of the value of installing advanced forms of waste treatment by river basin firms composed of members representing all major groups in water-using society.

Water Resources Planning for Pascagoula Basin

Abstract: A coordinated Federal-State interagency study to outline a comprehensive plan for development of the water and related resources of the Pascagoula River Basin was completed in 1968. Purposes considered included: flood control, water supply, navigation, hydroelectric power, land treatment, recreation, fish and wildlife, and pollution abatement. Each purpose was given equal consideration. The economy of the area was projected to the years 1980 and 2015, and these projections were related to resource development needs. A plan to develop the water and related land resources to meet the projected needs is presented and responsibility for implementation of the various portions of the plan is recommended.

Analysis of Characteristics and Design Key Points of Water Supply and Drainage Engineering for Fire Control in High-rise Buildings

Abstract: Nowadaysi¼Œour country has a relative density of population, so once a fire occurs in the building, personnel evacuation is more difficult. Since fire and water have no mercy and the fire spreads quickly, it will endanger people’s life and property safety if unable to fully guarantee the quality of water supply and drainage for fire control. Scientific and rational water supply and drainage system for fire control can effectively increase the efficiency and speed of fire rescue, reduce people’s property loss and improve the residential safety index of the building itself. In view of this, this paper mainly analyzes the characteristics and design key points of water supply and drainage engineering for fire control in high-rise buildings.Â

Pilot studies for quality management in terminal reservoir

Abstract: T water supply of Metropolitan Winnipeg originates in Shoal Lake, an arm of Lake of the Woods, and flows some 97 mi in a gravity aqueduct to the distribution reservoir. A report 1 prepared by the Waterworks and Waste Disposal Div. of the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg states that the present supply will have to be supplemented by 1977. It further recommends that a $50 million aqueduct be deferred for 10 yr by the construction of a 1.8 bil gal reservoir at the terminus of the existing aqueduct. This will provide sufficient supply until average system demands equal the aqueduct capacity. The existing supply is of good quality and receives only coarse screening and disinfection. It is subject, however, to tastes and odors associated with seasonal algae growths, and to bacterial problems typical of unfiltered supplies. The growing demand for improved water quality will probably necessitate treatment in the future. In addition, the 20-day retention period in the proposed reservoir, necessary for balancing, may adversely affect finished water quality. These two factors led to a staged program of water quality investigation.

The Development of a Model to Evaluate Hydrologic Risk in Water Resource System Design

Abstract: In this paper, a procedure for analyzing a water resource system with special emphasis on evaluation of acceptable economic risk due to occasional failures to deliver water is proposed. The basic methodology includes the development of a simple mathematical model which describes the physical hydrologic and economic characteristics of a single reservoir irrigation and city water supply system and an evaluation of economic benefits of the system with full and partial deliveries of water. The system is simulated for various combinations of decision variables (system magnitudes) and an optimum design is obtained by response surface technology. Emphasis is placed on the basic model and methodology although, in order to introduce some realism, the procedure is applied to data based on the existing reservoir system on the South Concho River in West Central Texas.