Showing papers on "Water supply published in 1978"

Numerical estimates of coliform mortality rates under various conditions

Abstract: Coliform bacteria are discharged in waste water treatment plant effluents and are con tained in runoff from urban areas and non point sources. Concentration levels of these bacteria are regulated by water quality stan dards, particularly for evaluation and protec tion of bathing, shell-fishing, water supply and other health-related, water use activities. As progress is made, on a national scale, toward the goals of upgrading and maintaining water quality, analysis of the distribution of coli forms in bodies of water should be a part of planning efforts. This paper provides numerical estimates of coliform mortality rates in fresh water and sea water systems, and as a function of light and temperature levels. Data from the literature are presented to illustrate the range of mor tality rates observed in laboratory studies and natural bodies of water. The intent of this paper is to provide numerical estimates of coli form mortality rates in the context of the wide variations in experimentally generated data.

Viruses in water.

Abstract: Attention is drawn in this paper to the increasing problem of viral contamination of water and shellfish, particularly since growing demands for available water resources by a rising world population and expanding industry will make the recycling of wastewater almost inevitable in the future. The problem of eliminating viruses pathogenic for man from water is considered in the light of present water treatment procedures, which are often inadequate for that purpose. Man may be exposed to waterborne viruses through the consumption of contaminated water, shellfish, or crops, as a result of recreational activities involving water, or from aerosols following the spraying of crops with liquid wastes. Physical and chemical methods of eliminating viruses from water are discussed.

Energy and Water.

Abstract: The geographic and temporal variability of freshwater supply in the United States constrains the choice and level of use of future energy sources. Ecological criteria for acceptable freshwater consumption, together with hydrological data on stream flow, provide a framework for estimating these constraints. The water consumption requirements for a variety of energy options are presented, and comparative judgments drawn. Attention is focused on problems resulting from synthetic, gaseous, and liquid fuel production. Scenarios describing possible future levels of coal and electricity use are analyzed. They point to the importance of water supply constraints in both the eastern and western United States.

The Impact of Energy Resource Development of Water Resource Allocations

Abstract: This research used a linear-programming model of the agricultural and energy sectors of Utah to examine the economically efficient allocation of water between agriculture and energy Data were collected for agricultural returns, costs, and water requirements; energy returns, costs, and water requirements; and water supply costs Results indicate that if large-scale energy development occurs in the Colorado River Basin in Utah, most of irrigated agriculture will be eliminated, given Utah's consumptive-use constraint under the Upper Colorado River Compact On the other hand, for two more probable levels of energy development, including the Energy Research and Development Administration's projections for the year 2000, only minor reductions in irrigated acreages would be expected Under conditions of severe, prolonged drought, energy demands would consume almost all the water currently used in agriculture, given either of the probable scenarios

Cyclic Storage, Where Are You Now?

Abstract: This paper presents ten theses summarizing: The cyclic pattern of precipitation and runoff in the Central Valley of California and the need for cyclic storage to insure regularity and continuity in water supply; the inadequacy of surface-water storage because of evaporation losses and probable interference with ground-water recharge; the blasted hopes of Federal and State water agencies for control and management of the ground-water reservoir, because of potential conflict with private property rights; the artificial recharge by private and local enterprise; increasing emphasis in Federal and State programs upon surface reservoirs at increasing cost in money and water; the tendency of Federal policy to focus on the needs and clamors for irrigation water, with subsidies; and the availability of water from Federal projects now under construction for artificial recharge and subsurface storage, a first step to a long-range program of cyclic storage.

Assessment of public groundwater supplies in Illinois

Abstract: 1

Efficient Water Use in California: Water Rights, Water Districts, and Water Transfers

Abstract: This report, commissioned by the California State Assembly, reviews the operations and legal basis for water rights allocation within the State of California, with particular emphasis on the incentives arising within that structure to use water efficiently.

Geographical aspects of national planning in Israel: the management of limited resources

Abstract: To modernize development Israeli planners utilize regional resources in a non-conventional way and consider the resource base as mobile. This results in a shift of emphasis in regional development, including in certain cases a radically new appreciation of the development potential of a region, even when formerly considered to be 'useless'. The pre-eminent example of resource mobility is the National Water Carrier, which not only integrates the entire national water supply network, but extends it into the arid northern Negev. This involves delicate problems of environmental management. To achieve greater efficiency of water use, drip irrigation is substituted for sprinkling, village irrigation networks are directed by centralized electronic control, and the overall water supply is augmented by artificial prolongation of rainfall. Three examples of unconventional resource development in the arid south of Israel illustrate these modern planning techniques. Each of them makes full use of the potential provided by the seasonal difference to the European market. In the Aravah section of the rift valley harvest coincides with midwinter time in Europe. Vegetables are raised on alluvial soil in wadi-beds, thus incurring risk of floods and frost in addition to the conventional risks of farming. In the north-western Negev tomatoes are raised in glasshouses, involving high capital investment, but bringing about decisive economies in water, the most limited resource, and making soil and travel time to the 'fields' negligible items. These, and the even more unconventional 'Southern Project' still in the planning stage, use as their major resources high capital investment, well-trained manpower, and innovative, non-traditional planning.

Water sources and the incidence of cholera in rural Bangladesh.

Abstract: Many researchers have shown an association of water with the incidence of cholera. The rural people of Bangladesh use tank canal and river water for all purposes. It is not possible for Bangladesh to provide potable water for rural areas given the existing situation. It was therefore deemed necessary to study whether any of the open water sources are safer than others with respect to incidence of cholera. It was found that families who use canal water most frequently have the highest rate of cholera and those who use tank water most have the lowest rate. Similar results are found when the village is the unit of analysis. If the people can be urged to protect the tanks available the rate of cholera may be reduced where a supply of tap water is not possible. The existing pattern of use of shallow tubewells does not seem to influence the rate of cholera. (Authors modified)

The Economics of Water Conservation

Abstract: The 1976-1977 drought affected all levels of water use and management in Californiathe state, local agencies, and individual water users. All experienced difficulties in planning and in coping with the water shortages, and all were affected economically. As a water utility affected by the drought, the East Bay Municipal Utility Dist. (EBMUD) modified its operations and regulations in order to conserve water and to assure a continuing water supply. As background to EBMUD's water conservation program and its economic effects, a short description of the drought itself will be given here. A more complete discussion can be found in the February 1978 Journal.*

Urban water supply planning and management in Nigeria

Abstract: The gap between water need and supply has widened steadily in Nigeria's urban centres despite continuous efforts made to develop the nation's vast surface and groundwater resources Less than 05% of the total water resource potential has been developed for consumption, and the per capita water supply for all uses is only 61 litres per day Acute water shortages afflict the inhabitants of the towns and cities The bulk of available water supplies is unmetered; where metered, ridiculously low rates are changed Thus, there is a great need for management policy that aims at financial viability and economic efficiency More realistic water rates should be charged in order to raise the much-needed revenue to meet increasing production and distribution costs

Economic analysis of irrigation production functions: an application of linear programming

Abstract: Economic analysis of irrigation production functions is discussed using linear programming. The method provides advantages over the partial one-crop type of analyses because it captures intercrop tradeoffs in water and land use in response to economic policies or changes in water supply. A numerical example is used.

Automatic water supply system for breeding or raising animals

Abstract: An automatic water supply system used for raising domestic animals such as cattle, horses, poultry and so on and especially for pigs. Instead of a water flow control device such as a valve, float or the like provided in a self supply water trough, a flow control container is used which is communicated through a water supply pipe to a common water storage tank, placed at an elevated position inaccessible to a pig or the other animals and includes a float, a valve and a siphon which may ensure the automatic and positive supply of water into the trough as the water level in the trough is lowered by an animal drinking therefrom. Therefore the unnecessary supply of water caused by the undesired engagement of the mouth of an animal with the water flow control device in the trough mischieviously, and/or the stopping up of the drain with remaining food particles may be completely eliminated.

Water and climate

Abstract: Climate and Water Supply. (US National Research Council: Washington, DC, 1977.) Paperback $7.75.

Reservoirs and Waterways. Identification and Assessment of Environmental Quality Problems and Research Program Development.

Abstract: : The Civil Works program of the Corps of Engineers (CE) involves the entire spectrum of water resources development for the Nation and, as such, is unique among Federal agencies. Current concern for energy demands and water supply have emphasized the need for comprehensive water resources development including hydropower, water supply, and navigation as project purposes. Recreational demands are at a record high for most CE facilities and recreation is generally included as a purpose for new projects. Fish and wildlife enhancement plus water quality management are project purposes that have a direct relationship to the improvement of the Nation's environmental quality, and flood control remains as a traditional project purpose. Consistent with all of these project purposes, the CE is required to address or meet local, regional, and national environmental quality objectives. This requirement has resulted in numerous problems for CE projects in the planning, design, and operational stages. This report contains the results of an effort to identify and assess environmental quality problems associated with Civil Works activities of the CE, and a recommended research program to address these problems.

Efficient Water Use in California: Groundwater Use and Management

Abstract: This report reviews the current status of groundwater use and management throughout the state and shows that statewide water system efficiency can be increased by improved management of the groundwater system and full integration of management of groundwater basins and the existing surface system.

An optimum operation of pump and reservoir in water supply system

Abstract: The operation problem in water supply systems is considered. The objective of the problem is to minimize pump operation cost under constraints of flow volumes of pump stations and water levels of reservoirs.