Showing papers on "Water supply published in 1994"

Climate Change and Water Resources

Abstract: Current perspectives on global climate change based on recent reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are presented. Impacts of a greenhouse warming that are likely to affect water planning and evaluation include changes in precipitation and runoff patterns, sea level rise, land use and population shifts following from these effects, and changes in water demands. Irrigation water demands are particularly sensitive to changes in precipitation, temperature, and carbon dioxide levels. Despite recent advances in climate change science, great uncertainty remains as to how and when climate will change and how these changes will affect the supply and demand for water at the river basin and watershed levels, which are of most interest to planners. To place the climate-induced uncertainties in perspective, the influence on the supply and demand for water of non-climate factors such as population, technology, economic conditions, social and political factors, and the values society places on alternative water uses are considered.

Economics of Water Resources: From Regulation to Privatization

Abstract: Part 1 The Analytical Framework: Components of Water Resource Management. Types and Quantities of Water Demand. Types and Quantities of Water Supply. Market Processes for Resource Allocation. Part 2 Interaction of Water Quantity and Quality: Nature of Pollutions and their Specific Impact. Interactions in the Economic-Ecological Systems. Recycling and Reusing Water. Part 3 Instruments in Water Resource Management: Drawbacks of Administrative Controls. Privatizing Water Supply and Distribution. Quality-Discriminant Pricing of Water Services. Water Basin Models. Part 4 Summary and Conclusions: Long-Run Policy Implications in Water Resource Management.

Fog collection's role in water planning for developing countries

Abstract: In certain locations, the combination of meteorological conditions and topography are such that persistent fogs cover coastal or interior mountains. The droplets from these fogs are collected by trees or other tall vegetation. They can also be collected by appropriately designed man-made collectors, to provide large volumes of water for domestic, agriculture or forestry uses. The largest project to date has provided, since March 1992, an average of 11 000 litres of water per day (*****l/d) to a village of 330 people in the arid coastal desert of northern Chile. This project and others are reviewed. The impact of the deforestation of high elevation areas, and the subsequent loss of fog water input in a watershed are discussed, as are guidelines for water planners.

Watershed: The Role of Fresh Water in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Abstract: This book explores the economic ecological and political issues of water quality quantity and distribution; solutions; and their role in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Chapters 1-3 focus on the setting in Israel and the Occupied Territories and describe the differences between the image and the reality the geography and climate and water supply and demand. Israel has average water availability comparable to North Africa. Water resources are plentiful in the Golan Heights area and the West Bank. Gaza is always short of water. Freshwater is obtained from Lake Kinneret large aquifers and smaller streams and aquifers. Most water comes from the Coastal and Mountain Aquifers. Despite infrastructure improvements in efficiency and increased use of recycled and saline water water supply has not kept pace with demand. Chapter 4 addresses the economic crisis of water shortages. Chapter 5 focuses on water quality and the ecological crisis. Chapter 6 discusses water distribution and the geopolitical crisis. The core problem is misallocation of water. Farmers pay too little for water. Accurate data are important to alleviating the three crises. Chapters 7-12 focus on solutions. Chapter 7 focuses on regional options for water management. Chapter 8 discusses water as a threat to security. Chapter 9 discusses the peace accord. Chapter 10 discusses Palestinian water management. Chapter 11 offers recommendations and establishes priorities. Economic efficiency conflicts with security needs and Israeli ideology. Shared water management conflicts with Palestinian desire for autonomy. There is a serious need for better governance.

Hydrology and Water Supply for Pond Aquaculture

Abstract: Preface Symbols Abbreviations Customary metric conversion factors Introduction Hydrology, morphometry and soils Physical properties of water and water cycle Rainfall Evaporation Runoff Water requirements for aquacultural ponds Water conservation Morphometric and edaphic factors affecting pond design Design of water supply and pond systems: Open-channel flows Pipe flows Water measurement Pumps and pumping Ground water and wells Pond design and construction Pond effluents.

Global Water Resource Issues

Abstract: Foreword Preface Acknowledgements 1. Overview 2. Integrated water resources development and management 3. Water resources assessment 4. Protection of water resources, water quality and aquatic ecosystems 5. Impacts of climate change on water resources 6. Water and sustainable urban development 7. Water for sustainable food production and rural development 8. Drinking water supply and sanitation 9. Capacity building 10. Mechanisms for implementation and coordination at global, national and local levels References Index.

A Strategy for Managing Water in the Middle East and North Africa

Abstract: Water has always been of central concern to life in the Middle East and North Arica (MENA). Early civilizations emerged along the Tigris-Euphrates and Nile, and the struggle for water shaped life in desert communities. But concerns of the past are dwarfed by those of the present century. Burgeoning populations are placing unprecedented pressures on the resource, calling urgently for new approaches to water planning and management if escalating conflicts are to be avoided and if environmental degradation is to be reversed. The new Water Resources Management Policy, approved by the Board in May 1993, requires a shift in focus from the needs of individual water-using sectors to an integrated management approach. Water is to be explicitly treated as a key resource for economic and social development, with emphasis placed on managing water demands and water quality in the interests of the whole community. This booklet sets out the implications of the new Bank policy for the MENA region, calling for a concerted effort by government and Bank staff to address water resources in a coordinated and sustainable manner. It proposes a practical, step-by-step approach to achieving this objective that could lead to new Bank-supported operations to address the water sector as a whole.

Administrative, institutional, and structural characteristics of an active water market

Abstract: Voluntary water transfers through markets have been advocated by many diverse groups as a means to reallocate scarce water supplies in the semi-arid western U.S. Although transfers of water rights have occurred almost since the creation of prior appropriation laws over a century ago, functioning water markets have been very slow to develop and are few in number. The structure, composition, administration and transactions of one of the most well established water markets, shares in the Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado-Big Thompson project, are examined to better understand the institutional and transfer conditions that sustain an active water market. Results from a detailed study of C-BT project records reveal that between 1970 and 1993 there were 2,698 transactions through which over one-third of the project water changed ownership or type of use. Further analysis shows that the transactions involved many individual sellers and categories of buyers with different uses, including agricultural buyers. The transfer activity and efficiency of the C-BT market has lead some to suggest that it be used as a model for other markets. However, because this market has fewer institutional restrictions, a well developed infrastructure and unique market conditions, it will be difficult to transfer this model to other areas without accompanying modifications in water right administration and institutions.

Reuse of wastewater in agriculture : a guide for planners

Abstract: These UNDP-World Bank guidelines summarize information on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation. They integrate the World Health Organization health guidelines for the reuse of wastewater with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations water quality guidelines for irrigation. The report also summarizes relevant agronomic information including potential benefits of wastewater reuse and its environmental implications. Properly designed, adequately implemented wastewater reuse is an environmental protection measure that is superior to discharging treated wastewater into surface waters. Wastewater reuse could also free large amounts of fresh water currently used for irrigation and make this resource available to meet the growing needs for fresh water of cities and towns in developing countries. The guidelines suggest consideration of land application as a disposal option even where no urgent need for additional sources of irrigation water exists. Close collaboration between the sectors involved - agriculture, water and wastes, environmental protection, and health - is essential, and this collaboration raises a number of institutional issues reviewed in these guidelines. Finally, the report provides guidance for choosing among technical and policy options, and it proposes a framework for inclusion of economic and financial considerations. The guidelines will help task managers and development agency staff to prepare wastewater reuse projects. Water quality and quantity problems at the urban-rural interface are increasing throughout the developing world. It is the authors' hope that this report will facilitate the consideration of reuse as an integral part of water management strategies in development projects.

Policy networks in dutch water policy

Abstract: In addition to the well-known programme for flood protection, Dutch water policy consists of two main subsectors; water supply and ground water protection, and surface water quality management. In this contribution special attention is paid to the characterisation of these subsectors using two network variables; mutual commitment and interrelatedness. The dynamics of change of these features and their relation with policy opportunities are examined. The water supply sector was amalgated into larger companies and developed more cooperation as a result of the pressure of the environmental challenge, which made it impossible to continue pumping and billing. Though the sector in a sense became more integrated, this was accompanied by an increased need to do business with other interests, such as agriculture. The surface water quality subsector also moved from a very integrated community into a more open structure. This openness is, however, to a large extent organised by the sector itself, by incorporating other interests in their councils and committees. Both subsectors increasingly adopt a consensual approach in dealing with these other interests.

Proposal for equitable water allocation for rotational irrigation in Pakistan

Abstract: A rotational water supply system is designed to deliver a constant flow of water among irrigators along a tertiary canal. Under the existing rotational system in Pakistan transmission losses along the canal are not considered. A constant time per unit irrigated area is allocated to all the farmers regardless of their location along the canal. This results in decreasing volumes of water delivered to downstream farmers. A variable time model is developed which allocates more time to the downstream farmers to deliver a constant volume of water per unit area to all the farmers in the command area of a tertiary unit.

Washing machine rinse water recycling apparatus

Abstract: This invention is a water saving device for a wash machine (10) The invention is a reservoir (20) hooked to the washer drain (26) through a two way valve (24) During the wash cycle this two way valve (24) allows the water to flow out of the washer (10) and into the drain (26) But for the final rinse cycle the valve (24) directs the water from the washer (10) into the reservoir (20) The reservoir (20) is also hooked to the incoming water source (36) of the washer (10) by a two way valve (34) When the reservoir (20) is filled with the rinse water from a previous wash and the washer (10) started for a new wash, this incoming two way valve (34) allows the water from the reservoir (20) to flow into the washer (10) When the washer (10) again calls for water for the rinse cycle the valve (34) allows the water from the household water supply (36) to flow into the washer (10)

The environmental impacts of humans on groundwater in Lebanon

Abstract: The execution of most large water projects in Lebanon has been continuously postponed, due to political reasons for the period preceding 1975 and to the civil war after that date. The accumulated impacts of mismanagement and shortage in water supplies forced population to drill their private wells and extract groundwater to meet their increasing needs. This uncontrolled action has significantly deteriorated the quality of groundwater, reflected in the increasing salinity of extracted water from coastal aquifers, and in the contamination of many wells and springs by improperly disposed waste water. The overexploitation of the aquifers has led to considerable decline in the discharge of springs and rivers amounting 18.8% between the 1960's and early 80's, irrespective of rainfall fluctuations. This study shows that the water budget in early 1980's has decreased appreciably, relative to 1960's budget. In Mount Lebanon basin the amount of precipitation dropped from 2700 to 2214 m3 yr−1, the rivers, discharge declined from 1320 to 834 Mm3 yr−1, and the recharge to groundwater decreased from 733 to 601 Mm3 yr−1.

Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications

Abstract: Part I - Legal and political perspectives: the International Law Commission and Middle East waters, A. Khasswneh International watercourses - World Bank experience and policy, R. Krishna regulating the competitive use of fresh water resources, F. Du Bois international law of environmental rights - remedies for pollution injury, A. Boyle customs and the shari'a the rights that attach to water, C. Mallat petite et grande hydraulique - Moroccan models, M. Zirari Devif building international water managements institutions - the role of treaties and other legal arrangements, J. Dellapenna the Nile - constraints and opportunities for basin-wide co-operation, I. Tamrat water resources in the Middle East - some guiding principles, A. El Morr Turkey and the River Euphrates - the context within international law, H. Chalabi the West Bank between Palestine, Israel and Jordan, A. Qasem law and water in the Gaza Strip, E. Benvenisti. Part 2 Commercial perspectives: the potential role of privatization in the management of water resources in the Middle East, D. Storer is water an exploitable commercial product?, D. Kinnersley sources of financing - an analysis of World Bank policies, G. Matthews opportunities for private sector banks, T. Kassem political and economic risk assessment for the provider of funds, J. Roberts engineering and water shortage in the Middle East, T. Evans water technology and the future, J. Wellbank and J. Keary sustainable development of water resources in Jordan, Manuel Schiffler policy options for downstream states, Greg Shapland water in the Gaza Strip, Yusuf Abu Mailah striking the right price for water?, J.A. Allan.

Contamination of public ground water supplies by Superfund sites

Abstract: Multiple sources of contamination can affect ground water supplies, including municipal landfills, industrial operations, leaking underground storage tanks, septic tank systems, and prioritized uncontrolled hazardous waste sites known as “Superfund” sites. A review of Superfund Records of Decision (RODs) in the United States was conducted in this study to obtain information concerning incidents of public ground water supply contamination. Approximately 450 separate RODs or their abstracts were reviewed, and 49 cases with municipal water well contamination were identified. In addition to the 49 pertinent cases, a significant number of RODs listed contaminated ground water as a potential threat to local public water supply wells. The 49 cases were geographically distributed in 21 states throughout the United States. The main source of contamination was industrial operations and other activities associated with industries. In 34 of 49 relevant Superfund cases, industry and related activities were identified ...

Water Supply Development for Membrane Water Treatment Facilities

Abstract: Based on new primary and secondary drinking water standards, this detailed manual presents water treatment methods that are considered the "best available technology" by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It examines the design of water supplies for membrane water treatment plants, including reverse osmosis, membrane filtration, and electrodialysis methods, and it explains process design and the water quality problems associated with each process. It also considers significant aspects of membrane process and groundwater and surface water supply development. Information necessary to operate water supplies and evaluate problems in the system are provided, in addition to specific well construction details necessary for the water wells used to supply membrane plants.

Water transfer and major environmental provisions of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act: A preliminary economic evaluation

Abstract: Increasing block water pricing, water transfer, and wildlife refuge water supply provisions of the Central Valley Project (CVP) Improvement Act are analyzed in terms of likely farmer response and economic efficiency of these provisions. Based on a simplified partial equilibrium analysis, we estimate small, but significant water conservation savings due to pricing reform, the potential for substantial water transfers to non-CVP customers in severe drought years when the water price exceeds $110 per acre foot (1 acre foot equals 1.234 × 103 m3) and positive net benefits for implementation of the wildlife refuge water supply provisions. The high threshold water price is partly a result of requiring farmers to pay full cost on transferred water plus a surcharge of $25 per acre foot if the water is transferred to a non-CVP user. The act also sets an important precedent for water pricing reform, water transfer provisions, and environmental surcharges on water users that may find their way to other Bureau of Reclamation projects.

Sanitation in a poor settlement in Bangladesh: a challenge for the 1990s

Abstract: The primary purpose of a water supply an sanitation project is to achieve an effective and sustainable imrovement of the community environment. This paper presents the experiences gained in the evaluation of a water supply and sanitation project in a settlement in Dhaka where improved water supply, sanitary latrines and hygiene education were provided by a reputed international non-governmental organization. Water and latrine use practices by adults improved but latrines were maintained so poorly that concentrated pollution created a problem within the community. The people from the community were not provided with appropriate knowledge or a system of maintenance. Even though water supply and sanitation were given priority status, since they were not planned with a view to being sustainable, they failed to interrupt the environmental contamination process.

Water Supply Engineering

Abstract: Water supply engineering , Water supply engineering , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی