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Water supply
About: Water supply is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 28780 publications have been published within this topic receiving 410918 citations.
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TL;DR: Through this review, it appears that the pharmaceutical risk must be considered even in drinking water where concentrations are very low, and there is a lack of research for by-products characterization, occurrence and fate in all water types and especially in drinkingWater.
868 citations
864 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview on present seawater desalination capacities by region, a synopsis of the key environmental concerns of desalification, including ways of mitigating the impacts on the environment, and of avoiding some of the dangers of the environment to Desalination.
864 citations
University of Chicago1, University of East Anglia2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research3, University of Kassel4, Utrecht University5, City College of New York6, Argonne National Laboratory7, University of Nottingham8, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate9, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis10, Wageningen University and Research Centre11, National Institute for Environmental Studies12, Lund University13, Goddard Institute for Space Studies14, Columbia University15, University of Tokyo16, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna17, Max Planck Society18, Chinese Academy of Sciences19, University of Bonn20
TL;DR: This work compares ensembles of water supply and demand projections driven by ensemble output from five global climate models and suggests surplus water supply could in principle support a net increase in irrigation, although substantial investments in irrigation infrastructure would be required.
Abstract: We compare ensembles of water supply and demand projections from 10 global hydrological models and six global gridded crop models. These are produced as part of the Inter-Sectoral Impacts Model Intercomparison Project, with coordination from the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project, and driven by outputs of general circulation models run under representative concentration pathway 8.5 as part of the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Models project that direct climate impacts to maize, soybean, wheat, and rice involve losses of 400-1,400 Pcal (8-24% of present-day total) when CO2 fertilization effects are accounted for or 1,400-2,600 Pcal (24-43%) otherwise. Freshwater limitations in some irrigated regions (western United States; China; and West, South, and Central Asia) could necessitate the reversion of 20-60 Mha of cropland from irrigated to rainfed management by end-of-century, and a further loss of 600-2,900 Pcal of food production. In other regions (northern/eastern United States, parts of South America, much of Europe, and South East Asia) surplus water supply could in principle support a net increase in irrigation, although substantial investments in irrigation infrastructure would be required.
827 citations
TL;DR: This work improves upon past efforts by using estimates of blue water footprints (consumptive use of ground- and surface water flows) rather than water withdrawals, accounting for the flows needed to sustain critical ecological functions and by considering monthly rather than annual values.
Abstract: Freshwater scarcity is a growing concern, placing considerable importance on the accuracy of indicators used to characterize and map water scarcity worldwide. We improve upon past efforts by using estimates of blue water footprints (consumptive use of ground- and surface water flows) rather than water withdrawals, accounting for the flows needed to sustain critical ecological functions and by considering monthly rather than annual values. We analyzed 405 river basins for the period 1996–2005. In 201 basins with 2.67 billion inhabitants there was severe water scarcity during at least one month of the year. The ecological and economic consequences of increasing degrees of water scarcity – as evidenced by the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo), Indus, and Murray-Darling River Basins – can include complete desiccation during dry seasons, decimation of aquatic biodiversity, and substantial economic disruption.
778 citations