Topic
Wavelength-division multiplexing
About: Wavelength-division multiplexing is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 25059 publications have been published within this topic receiving 332027 citations. The topic is also known as: WDM.
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22 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe both a near term and a long term optical interconnect solution, the first based on a packaging architecture and the second based on monolithic photonic CMOS architecture, which enables higher bandwidth and lower energy per-bit for chip-to-chip optical I/O through integration of electro-optical polymer based modulators, silicon nitride waveguides and polycrystalline germanium (Ge) detectors.
Abstract: This paper describes both a near term and a long term optical interconnect solution, the first based on a packaging architecture and the second based on a monolithic photonic CMOS architecture. The packaging-based optical I/O architecture implemented with 90 nm CMOS transceiver circuits, 1 × 12 VCSEL/detector arrays and polymer waveguides achieves 10 Gb/s/channel at 11 pJ/b. A simple TX pre-emphasis technique enables a potential 18 Gb/s at 9.6 pJ/b link efficiency. Analysis predicts this architecture to reach less than 1 pJ/b at the 16 nm CMOS technology node. A photonic CMOS process enables higher bandwidth and lower energy-per-bit for chip-to-chip optical I/O through integration of electro-optical polymer based modulators, silicon nitride waveguides and polycrystalline germanium (Ge) detectors into a CMOS logic process. Experimental results for the photonic CMOS ring resonator modulators and Ge detectors demonstrate performance above 20 Gb/s and analysis predicts that photonic CMOS will eventually enable energy efficiency better than 0.3 pJ/b with 16 nm CMOS. Optical interconnect technologies such as these using multi-lane communication or wavelength division multiplexing have the potential to achieve TB/s interconnect and enable platforms suitable for the tera-scale computing era.
265 citations
TL;DR: This article describes how OBS can be applied to the next-generation optical Internet, and in particular how offset times and delayed reservation can help avoid the use of buffer, and support quality of service at the WDM layer.
Abstract: In an effort to eliminate the electronic bottleneck, new optical switches/routers (hardware) are being built for the next-generation optical Internet where IP runs over an all-optical WDM layer. However, important issues yet to be addressed in terms of protocols (software) are how to develop a new paradigm that does not require any buffer at the WDM layer, as in circuit switching, and elimination of any layers between which exist mainly due to historical reasons. At the same time, such a paradigm should also efficiently support bursty traffic with high resource utilization as in packet switching. This article surveys design issues related to a new switching paradigm called optical burst switching, which achieves a balance between circuit and packet switching while avoiding their shortcomings. We describe how OBS can be applied to the next-generation optical Internet, and in particular how offset times and delayed reservation can help avoid the use of buffer, and support quality of service at the WDM layer.
264 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a technique to design the channel frequency allocation in order to minimize the crosstalk due to FWM is presented, which is obtained at the expense of some expansion of the system bandwidth.
Abstract: Crosstalk due to four-wave mixing (FWM) is the dominant nonlinear effect in long-haul multichannel optical communication systems employing dispersion-shifted fiber. A technique to design the channel frequency allocation in order to minimize the crosstalk due to FWM is presented. It is shown that suitable unequal channel separations can be found for which no four-wave mixing product term is superimposed on any of the transmitted channels. This is obtained at the expense of some expansion of the system bandwidth. Simulations are presented to show the effectiveness of this technique in a 10-channel, 10-Gb/s per channel, system. >
263 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that solitons of different velocities are transparent to each other in a system using lumped amplifiers, as long as the length of the collision is long enough relative to the spacing between amplifiers or a possibly longer period of variation in some other parameter, such as the fiber's chromatic dispersion.
Abstract: One attractive feature of the all-optical approach to ultra long-distance transmission is that it greatly facilitates wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). It is known that solitons of different velocities are transparent to each other. It is shown, through numerical simulation, that such transparency is also maintained in a system using lumped amplifiers, as long as the length of the collision (the distance the solitons travel down the fiber while passing through each other), is long enough relative to the spacing between amplifiers, or to a possibly longer period of variation in some other parameter, such as the fiber's chromatic dispersion. This result implies the potential for at least several multigigabits-per-second WDM channels spanning just 1 or 2 nm, in a system of transoceanic length (7000-9000 km). >
262 citations
TL;DR: The signal-gain characteristics of tellurite-based erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are clarified based on spectroscopic properties and signal- gain measurements.
Abstract: The signal-gain characteristics of tellurite-based erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are clarified based on spectroscopic properties and signal-gain measurements. The potential of tellurite-based erbium-doped fiber for use as a broadband light source is also described.
261 citations