Wavelength-division multiplexing

About: Wavelength-division multiplexing is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 25059 publications have been published within this topic receiving 332027 citations. The topic is also known as: WDM.

A 90nm CMOS integrated Nano-Photonics technology for 25Gbps WDM optical communications applications

Abstract: The first sub-100nm technology that allows the monolithic integration of optical modulators and germanium photodetectors as features into a current 90nm base highperformance logic technology node is demonstrated. The resulting 90nm CMOS-integrated Nano-Photonics technology node is optimized for analog functionality to yield power-efficient single-die multichannel wavelength-mulitplexed 25Gbps transceivers.

Physical layer impairment aware routing (PLIAR) in WDM optical networks: issues and challenges

Abstract: In WDM optical networks, the physical layer impairments (PLIs) and their significance depend on network type-opaque, translucent, or transparent; the reach-access, metro, or core/long-haul; the number and type of network elements-fiber, wavelengths, amplifiers, switching elements, etc.; and the type of applications-real-time, non-real time, missioncritical, etc. In transparent optical networks, PLIs incurred by non-ideal optical transmission media accumulate along an optical path, and the overall effect determines the feasibility of the lightpaths. If the received signal quality is not within the receiver sensitivity threshold, the receiver may not be able to correctly detect the optical signal and this may result in high bit-error rates. Hence, it is important to understand various PLIs and their effect on optical feasibility, analytical models, and monitoring and mitigation techniques. Introducing optical transparency in the physical layer on one hand leads to a dynamic, flexible optical layer with the possibility of adding intelligence such as optical performance monitoring, fault management, etc. On the other hand, transparency reduces the possibility of client layer interaction with the optical layer at intermediate nodes along the path. This has an impact on network design, planning, control, and management. Hence, it is important to understand the techniques that provide PLI information to the control plane protocols and that use this information efficiently to compute feasible routes and wavelengths. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive survey of various PLIs, their effects, and the available modeling and mitigation techniques. We then present a comprehensive survey of various PLI-aware network design techniques, regenerator placement algorithms, routing and wavelength assignment algorithms, and PLI-aware failure recovery algorithms. Furthermore, we identify several important research issues that need to be addressed to realize dynamically reconfigurable next-generation optical networks. We also argue the need for PLI-aware control plane protocol extensions and present several interesting issues that need to be considered in order for these extensions to be deployed in real-world networks.

Architectural considerations for photonic IP router based upon optical code correlation

Abstract: A photonic label switching router (PLSR) of which the photonic label processing is based upon optical code correlation, is investigated. To resolve the electronic router's bottleneck in current Internet protocol (IP) over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, we will envision IP over photonic networks in which the PLSRs totally replace the electronic routers. The architectures of PLSR including the photonic label processing, the photonic label swapping, and the optical switching and their optical implementations are studied. Results of proof-of-concept experiments for the photonic label processing and photonic label swapping will confirm the feasibility to attain the target performance: the throughput of 100 Tb/s at least, the processing speed around 10 Gpacket/s, and the number of label entries up to 10 k.

Integrated tunable fiber gratings for dispersion management in high-bit rate systems

Abstract: Dispersion management is becoming paramount in high-speed wavelength-division-multiplexed lightwave systems, that operate at per-channel rates of 40 Gb/s and higher. The dispersion tolerances, in these systems, are small enough that sources of dispersion variation, that are negligible in slower systems, become critically important to network performance. At these high-bit rates, active dispersion compensation modules may be required to respond dynamically to changes occurring in the network, such as variations in the per-channel power, reconfigurations of the channel's path that are caused by add-drop operations, and environmental changes, such as changes in ambient temperature. We present a comprehensive discussion of an emerging tunable dispersion compensating device, based on thermally actuated fiber gratings. These per-channel devices rely on a distributed on-fiber thin film heater, deposited onto the outer surface of a fiber Bragg grating. Current flowing through the thin film generates resistive heating at rates that are governed by the thickness profile of the metal film. A chirp in the grating is obtained by using a thin-film, whose thickness varies with position along the length of the grating in a prescribed manner; the chirp rate is adjusted by varying the applied current. The paper reviews some of the basic characteristics of these devices and their implementation, in a range of different applications, including the mitigation of power penalties associated with optical power variations. We present detailed analysis of the impact of group-delay ripple and polarization-mode dispersion on systems performance, and present results from systems experiments, that demonstrate the performance of these devices at bit rates of 10, 20, 40 and 160 Gb/s. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technology, and compare to other devices.

Gain-flattened tellurite-based EDFA with a flat amplification bandwidth of 76 nm

Abstract: It is important to flatten the gain spectrum and broaden the amplification bandwidth of Er3+-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in order to increase the transmission capacity of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission networks.