Showing papers on "Weather station published in 1996"
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of procedures and guidelines for assessing integrity, quality, and reasonableness of measured weather data and equipment calibration for automated and electronic agricultural weather stations are presented.
Abstract: Procedures and guidelines are recommended for assessing integrity, quality, and reasonableness of measured weather data and equipment calibration for automated and electronic agricultural weather stations. The procedures include calculation of hourly and 24-h clear sky envelopes for solar radiation, validation of net radiation measurements using calculation equations, and evaluation of expected trends and relationships between air vapor content and air temperature. The procedures for creating clear sky solar radiation envelopes include equations to account for the effects of atmospheric water vapor content and sun angle. Procedures for adjusting air temperature and air vapor content data are introduced to compensate for the aridity of the weather station environment. All of the guidelines are simple and straightforward, and can serve as preliminary “filters” by which to scrutinize weather measurements and as near real-time data flagging procedures for agricultural weather networks.
368 citations
TL;DR: The results of this model indicated that the greatest sand fly activity and thus the highest risk of sandfly fever and leishmania infections occurred during the spring/summer months before U.S. troops were deployed to the Persian Gulf.
Abstract: Sandfly fever and leishmaniasis were major causes of infectious disease morbidity among military personnel deployed to the Middle East during World War II. Recently, leishmaniasis has been reported in the United Nations Multinational Forces and Observers in the Sinai. Despite these indications of endemicity, no cases of sandfly fever and only 31 cases of leishmaniasis have been identified among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. The distribution in the Persian Gulf of the vector, Phlebotomus papatasi, is thought to be highly dependent on environmental conditions, especially temperature and relative humidity. A computer model was developed using the occurrence of P. papatasi as the dependent variable and weather data as the independent variables. The results of this model indicated that the greatest sand fly activity and thus the highest risk of sandfly fever and leishmania infections occurred during the spring/summer months before U.S. troops were deployed to the Persian Gulf. Because the weather model produced probability of occurrence information for locations of the weather stations only, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) levels from remotely sensed Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellites were determined for each weather station. From the results of the frequency of NDVI levels by probability of occurrence, the range of NDVI levels for presence of the vector was determined. The computer then identified all pixels within the NDVI range indicated and produced a computer-generated map of the probable distribution of P. papatasi. The resulting map expanded the analysis to areas where there were no weather stations and from which no information was reported in the literature, identifying these areas as having either a high or low probability of vector occurrence.
162 citations
TL;DR: A discriminant analysis model based on weather data and reported vector surveys was developed to predict the seasonal and geographic distribution of P. papatasi in Southwest Asia and found that seasonality of disease transmission could be extended throughout 12 months of the year in 7 locations with at least a 3 degree C rise in temperature and in 29 locations with a 5 degrees C rise.
Abstract: The distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi in Southwest Asia is thought to be highly dependent on temperature and relative humidity. A discriminant analysis model based on weather data and reported vector surveys was developed to predict the seasonal and geographic distribution of P. papatasi in this region. To simulate global warming, temperature values for 115 weather stations were increased by 1 degree C, 3 degrees C, and 5 degrees C, and the outcome variable coded as unknown in the model. Probability of occurrence values were then predicted for each location with a weather station. Stations with positive probability of occurrence values for May, June, July, and August were considered locations where two or more life cycles of P. papatasi could occur and which could support endemic transmission of leishmaniasis and sandfly fever. Among 115 weather stations, 71 (62%) would be considered endemic with current temperature conditions; 14 (12%) additional stations could become endemic with an increase of 1 degree C; 17 (15%) more with a 3 degrees C increase; and 12 (10%) more (all but one station) with a 5 degrees C increase. In addition to increased geographic distribution, seasonality of disease transmission could be extended throughout 12 months of the year in 7 (6%) locations with at least a 3 degrees C rise in temperature and in 29 (25%) locations with a 5 degrees C rise.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the characteristics of the general population distribution of global ocean wind speeds and found that the remotely sensed wind speeds agree poorly with the corresponding empirical distributions. But the comparison of frequencies of wind speeds with empirical distributions is seen to contribute to the mutual quality assessment of global wind speeds.
Abstract: Near-surface wind data of the global ocean derived from ship observations and models of the atmosphere are used for weather and climate predictions. Recently, wind data from the scatterometer of the first European Remote Sensing (ERS-1) satellite became available. These global observations are prepared for operational assimilation into the model of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The remotely sensed winds have been validated in dedicated campaigns. However, data from such measurement campaigns incompletely cover the possible range of global winds. Here, characteristics of the general population distribution of global ocean wind speeds are investigated. The dynamic properties of the atmospheric circulation suggests the separation of the global winds into extratropical and tropical subsets. In situ wind speeds from the Ocean Weather Station M (OWS M) in the North Atlantic and the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) buoys in the tropical Pacific are representative for the high and low latitudes, respectively. In situ and modelled wind speeds from extratropical latitudes are reasonably simulated by the Weibull distribution, and from the tropical Pacific by the generalized extreme value distribution. The remotely sensed wind speeds agree poorly with the corresponding empirical distributions. The comparison of frequencies of wind speeds with empirical distributions is seen to contribute to the mutual quality assessment of global wind speeds. Near-surface wind fields of the global ocean are nowadays derived routinely from circulation models of the atmosphere and from the first European Remote Sensing (ERS-1) satellite. These data sets enclose the entire range of global wind fields, which cannot be accomplished by in situ measurements only. Thus two largely independent sources of wind data sets are available to identify characteristics of the distribution of wind speeds over the global ocean.
41 citations
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: Automated weather station (AWS) networks are increasingly being used to gather weather data for agricultural and other bioclimatic applications and have the ability to gather and dissemination greater quantities of data at more frequent intervals than CWS networks.
Abstract: Automated weather station (AWS) networks are increasingly being used to gather weather data for agricultural and other bioclimatic applications. Many manually read conventional weather station (CWS) networks are being replaced with AWS networks. The use of AWS networks increased rapidly during the 1980s because of improvements in battery-powered dataloggers and computer communications. Although CWS networks continue to provide the basic climate information, AWS networks have the ability to gather and disseminate greater quantities of data at more frequent intervals than CWS networks.
11 citations
Patent•
30 Oct 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a solution to obtain local weather information by an extremely simple constitution, and provide it by setting up a plurality of Web servers and connecting them with an internet.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain local weather information by an extremely simple constitution, and provide it. SOLUTION: A plurality of WWW servers 10 and a plurality of clients 11 are connected with an internet 12. The WWW servers 10 is set in the sites of weather stations, and the clients 11 are arranged at the sites of users making use of weather information. A data core 16 at the side of each weather station totals measured data measured by each internal measuring sensor 14 and each external measuring sensor 15 so as to feed totaled data to each WWW server 10 through a predetermined interface, for example a 232C interface. Users gain access to an intended WWW server 10 by using the client 10 so as to open a home page for the proposal of weather information, so that the users can take a look at weather information required. COPYRIGHT: (C)1998,JPO
5 citations
TL;DR: There are no simulation models leading to direct advice for insect pests in horticulture and viticulture but, in some cases (Hoplocampa testudinea, Cydia pomonella), cumulative temperatures and temperature thresholds are good tools for reducing the number of field observations and for fixing the date of field observed.
Abstract: In 1995, P.B. Consult established a plant protection advisory service in horticulture and viticulture in Austria. Each client has his own weather station or shares a weather station with another grower nearby. Field monitoring is done using forms and instructions from P.B. Consult, either by staff or by interested growers. For disease forecasts, weather data is collected by telephone on a central computer at 0500 every day. Infection conditions and potential inoculum for weather-driven diseases like Venturia inaequalis and Plasmopara viticola are evaluated by computer. For Uncinula necator, initial infection can be forecast from field observations indicating the presence of flag shoots (carrying overwintered mildew) or from weather conditions favouring ascospore discharge and germination, then further propagation can be predicted on the basis of temperature. There are no simulation models leading to direct advice for insect pests in horticulture and viticulture but, in some cases (Hoplocampa testudinea, Cydia pomonella), cumulative temperatures and temperature thresholds are good tools for reducing the number of field observations and for fixing the date of field observations.
5 citations
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the Richardson model for mathematically generating daily weather data was parametrized and the geographical distribution of parameter values was determined, and the monthly statistics of generated weather are similar to those of observed weather for both temperature and radiation but not for rainfall.
Abstract: The Richardson model for mathematically generating daily weather data was parametrized. Thirty years' time-series of the 355 main meteorological stations in the European Union formed the database. Model parameters were derived from both observed weather station data and interpolated weather data on nodes of a 50 km x 50 km grid. Comparative analyses were made. The monthly statistics of generated weather are similar to those of observed weather for both temperature and radiation but not for rainfall. One had better derive parameters from interpolated weather than interpolate parameters derived from observed weather. The geographical distribution of parameter values was determined.
1 citations
Patent•
24 Apr 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a utility model for measuring the air humidity and air temperature simultaneously, which can be used for households and every industry such as agriculture, the forestry, the animal husbandry, the fisheries industry, the weather, the industry, traffic, the scientific research, the national defence, etc.
Abstract: The utility model relates to a (temperature) humidity meter with a fan-shaped sealing indicating mechanism, which is designed according to the requirements and the integrative improvement of the existing hair hygrometer of the weather station in China and the similar (temperature) humidity meter at home and abroad, aiming at the defects thereof. The utility model can be alone used for measuring the air humidity, and the utility model can be used for measuring the air temperature and the air humidity simultaneously when matched with a temperature meter. The utility model has the advantages of precise stable and reliable measurement, convenient observation, shapely configuration, convenient maintenance, etc., and can be widely used for households and every industry such as the agriculture, the forestry, the animal husbandry, the fisheries industry, the weather, the industry, the traffic, the scientific research, the national defence, etc.
1 citations
23 Sep 1996
TL;DR: The Ambrose Light Tower was selected as a technology development site for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View sensor (SeaWiFS) program for ocean color as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Ambrose Light Tower was selected as a technology development site for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View sensor (SeaWiFS) program for ocean color. Optical sensors and other supporting oceanographic instrumentation will be mounted on the tower leg to develop an operational capability for of SeaWiFS data for coastal oceans. The Ambrose Tower, an established weather station, is part of the National Data Buoy Center's (NDBC) Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN). Simultaneous sampling of meteorological data and in-water optical observations will provide an important component to understanding ocean physics as it relates to variability in productivity.