Showing papers on "Weather station published in 2009"

Daily reference evapotranspiration for California using satellite imagery and weather station measurement interpolation

Abstract: Important water resources in California's agricultural and urban landscapes are at risk without more efficient management strategies. Improved monitoring can increase the efficiency of water use and mitigate these potential risks. The California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) programme helps farmers, turf managers, and other resource managers develop water budgets that improve irrigation scheduling and monitor water stress. The CIMIS system is a repository of meteorological data collected at over 130 computerised weather stations. These are located at key agricultural and municipal sites throughout California and provide comprehensive, timely, weather data collected hourly and daily. In this article, the CIMIS sensor system is combined with hourly NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) visible satellite data to develop a methodology to extend reference evapotranspiration ($ET_0$) station estimations to spatial daily ET0 maps of California. The maps are calculated on a (2 km)2 grid, a high spatial resolution compared with the density of CIMIS stations. The hourly GOES satellite images are used to estimate cloud cover, which are used in turn to modify clear sky radiation estimates. These are combined with interpolated CIMIS weather station meteorological data to satisfy the Penman–Monteith $ET_0$ equation

Multilevel Assessment of the Impact of Rain on Drivers’ Behavior: Standardized Methodology and Empirical Analysis

Abstract: For all road managers, inclement weather events are a source of uncertainty that can affect traffic operations and safety. Regarding safety, various studies reveal significant effects of adverse weather conditions on the frequency and severity of crashes. Regarding mobility, because of a lack of data, there are few comprehensive studies, although the quantification of the effects of adverse weather on traffic represents the first step toward the development of weather-responsive traffic management strategies. This study deals with the analysis of the impact of rain on drivers' behavior and traffic operations. First, a generic methodology for assessing the effect of weather on traffic is proposed through a multilevel approach: from individual traffic data, the rain impact is assessed at a microscopic level (time headways, spacing). Next, the same data were used to extend the study to a mesoscopic and a macroscopic level. The mesoscopic level deals with the effects of rain on platoons, and the macroscopic level resides in the analysis of the impact of rain on the fundamental diagram enabling weather-responsive macroscopic traffic simulation. Second, following this approach, an empirical study is carried out from individual data collected on a French interurban motorway. Weather data were provided by a weather station located near the test site. The results exhibit a significant impact of rain on drivers' behavior and traffic operations, which increases with the intensity of rainfall.

Stochastic multi-site generation of daily weather data

Abstract: Spatial autocorrelation is a correlation between the values of a single variable, considering their geographical locations. This concept has successfully been used for multi-site generation of daily precipitation data (Khalili et al. in J Hydrometeorol 8(3):396–412, 2007). This paper presents an extension of this approach. It aims firstly to obtain an accurate reproduction of the spatial intermittence property in synthetic precipitation amounts, and then to extend the multi-site approach to the generation of daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and solar radiation data. Monthly spatial exponential functions have been developed for each weather station according to the spatial dependence of the occurrence processes over the watershed, in order to fulfill the spatial intermittence condition in the synthetic time series of precipitation amounts. As was the case for the precipitation processes, the multi-site generation of daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and solar radiation data is realized using spatially autocorrelated random numbers. These random numbers are incorporated into the weakly stationary generating process, as with the Richardson weather generator, and with no modifications made. Suitable spatial autocorrelations of random numbers allow the reproduction of the observed daily spatial autocorrelations and monthly interstation correlations. The Peribonca River Basin watershed is used to test the performance of the proposed approaches. Results indicate that the spatial exponential functions succeeded in reproducing an accurate spatial intermittence in the synthetic precipitation amounts. The multi-site generation approach was successfully applied for the weather data, which were adequately generated, while maintaining efficient daily spatial autocorrelations and monthly interstation correlations.

A probabilistic analysis of wind gusts using extreme value statistics

Abstract: The spatial variability of wind gusts is probably as large as that of precipitation, but the observational weather station network is much less dense. The lack of an area-wide observational analysis hampers the forecast verification of wind gust warnings. This article develops and compares several approaches to derive a probabilistic analysis of wind gusts for Germany. Such an analysis provides a probability that a wind gust exceeds a certain warning level. To that end we have 5 years of observations of hourly wind maxima at about 140 weather stations of the German weather service at our disposal. The approaches are based on linear statistical modeling using generalized linear models, extreme value theory and quantile regression. Warning level exceedance probabilities are estimated in response to predictor variables such as the observed mean wind or the operational analysis of the wind velocity at a height of 10 m above ground provided by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The study shows that approaches that apply to the differences between the recorded wind gust and the mean wind perform better in terms of the Brier skill score (which measures the quality of a probability forecast) than those using the gust factor or the wind gusts only. The study points to the benefit from using extreme value theory as the most appropriate and theoretically consistent statistical model. The most informative predictors are the observed mean wind, but also the observed gust velocities recorded at the neighboring stations. Out of the predictors used from the ECMWF analysis, the wind velocity at 10 m above ground is the most informative predictor, whereas the wind shear and the vertical velocity provide no additional skill. For illustration the results for January 2007 and during the winter storm Kyrill are shown. Zusammenfassung

Spatial resolution effect of precipitation data on SWAT calibration and performance: implications for CEAP.

Abstract: Precipitation data sets representing four spatial resolutions were used to evaluate the performance of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) on the basis of reproducing measured streamflow, and to show differences in model parameters when different precipitation data sets are used to calibrate the model. The experiment was conducted on the 786 km 2 Ft. Cobb Reservoir experimental watershed (FCREW) in southwestern Oklahoma. Precipitation data sets included the National Weather Service (NWS) cooperative weather network (Co-op), NWS next-generation radar precipitation estimates (NEXRAD), the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University's joint state-wide weather station network (Mesonet), and the USDA-ARS weather station network (Micronet) deployed in the FCREW. The FCREW was divided into three main subwatersheds (Cobb, Lake, and Willow Creeks), with SWAT calibrated for each subwatershed using each precipitation data set. Model simulations were generally "good" to "very good" at both the daily and monthly time steps for all precipitation data sets, except in the Willow Creek subwatershed, which scored "satisfactory" at the monthly time step and "unsatisfactory" at the daily time step when the Co-op data were used. Calibrated parameter values within the Cobb Creek subwatershed changed little across precipitation data sets. In the Lake Creek and Willow Creek subwatersheds, the deep recharge calibration parameter values varied greatly with respect to precipitation data source. Such variation could inappropriately affect, for example, model assessments of conservation practices designed to ameliorate the movement of agro-chemicals from the surface to lower positions in the soil profile and eventually into the groundwater.

Application of the Hess-Brezowsky classification to the identification of weather patterns causing heavy winter rainfall in Brittany (France)

Abstract: . An accurate knowledge of the weather patterns causing winter rainfall over the Scorff watershed in western Brittany (W. France) was developed prior to studies of the impact of the climate factor on land use management, and of the hydrological reponses to rain-producing weather patterns. These two studies are carried out in the context of the climate change. The identification of rainy air-circulation types was realized using the objective computational version of the 29-type Hess and Brezowsky Grosswetterlagen system of classifying European synoptic regimes, for the cold season (November-March) of the 1958–2005 period at the reference weather station of Lorient, and 13 other stations located in western and southern Brittany, including a more detailed study for the wet 2000–2001 cold season for three reference stations of the Scorff watershed (Lorient, Plouay and Plouray). The precipitation proportion (including the days with rainfall ≥20 mm) was calculated by major air-circulation type (GWT: see Appendix A) and by individual air-circulation subtype (GWL: see Appendix A) for the studied time-period. The most frequently occurrence of rainy days associated with westerly and southerly GWL confirmed well-known observations in western Europe and so justify the use of the Hess-Brezowsky classification in other areas outside Central Europe. The southern or south-western exposure of the watershed with a hilly inland area enhanced the heavy rainfall generated by the SW and S circulation types, and increased the difference between the rainfall amounts of coastal and inland stations during the wettest days.

Hedging with weather derivatives: a role for options in reducing basis risk

Abstract: Weather derivatives represent an important financial innovation for risk management. As with the use of any derivatives contract, the behaviour of the basis ultimately determines the net-hedged outcome. However, when using weather derivatives to hedge volumetric risks, risk managers often face unique basis risks arising from both the choice of weather station where a derivatives contract is written, as well as the relationship between the hedged volume and the underlying weather index. Using the encompassing principle, this research shows that the nonlinear relationship often found between crop yields and weather creates a specific hedging role for options. The results suggest that weather derivative instruments with nonlinear pay-offs, such as options, be used solely or in combination with linear payoff instruments, such as swaps or futures, to minimize basis risk associated with the nonlinear relationship between yields and weather. This research also suggests that the choice of weather station may be l...

Road Surface Condition Forecasting in France

Abstract: A numerical model designed to simulate the evolution of a snow layer on a road surface was forced by meteorological forecasts so as to assess its potential for use within an operational suite for road management in winter. The suite is intended for use throughout France, even in areas where no observations of surface conditions are available. It relies on short-term meteorological forecasts and long-term simulations of surface conditions using spatialized meteorological data to provide the initial conditions. The prediction of road surface conditions (road surface temperature and presence of snow on the road) was tested at an experimental site using data from a comprehensive experimental field campaign. The results were satisfactory, with detection of the majority of snow and negative road surface temperature events. The model was then extended to all of France with an 8-km grid resolution, using forcing data from a real-time meteorological analysis system. Many events with snow on the roads were simulated for the 2004/05 winter. Results for road surface temperature were checked against road station data from several highways, and results for the presence of snow on the road were checked against measurements from the Meteo-France weather station network

South Cascade Glacier mass balance, 1935-2006

Abstract: A simple model uses daily observations of precipitation and temperature at a nearby weather station to estimate glacier-average seasonal mass-balance components at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA, from 1935, 24 years before measurements began at the glacier. This is 13 years earlier than measurements that can be derived using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis database (begins 1 January 1948). Although the model's error in estimating winter balance and summer balance over 1959-2006 is greater than that of a model using the reanalysis database, its error in estimating net balance is comparable. The model uses an empirically determined precipita- tion ratio between the station and the glacier, and a seasonally varying temperature lapse rate de- termined from 9 years of measurements at the glacier. Temperature is used with a degree-day for- mulation to estimate ablation and to partition precipitation between rain and snow for estimating accumulation. Both processes are assumed to exist throughout the year, and model results are compared seasonally with adjusted observations of winter and summer balances. The published mass-balance series is adjusted to a constant-topography (1970) series in an attempt to remove the influence of changing topography on the glacier's response to climate. The reconstructed values prior to 1959 are also with respect to the 1970 glacier topography. Because precipitation is measured at the weather station, rather than being inferred from other meteorological variables, it enables us to distinguish more accurately between wet-day and dry-day conditions, including vertical lapse rates of temperature.

Using Data-Mining for Short-Term Rainfall Forecasting

Abstract: Weather forecasting [12] has been one of the most scientifically and technologically challenging problems around the world in the last century. This is due mainly to two factors: firstly, the great value of forecasting for many human activities; secondly, due to the opportunism created by the various technological advances that are directly related to this concrete research field, like the evolution of computation and the improvement in measurement systems. This paper describes several techniques belonging to the paradigm of artificial intelligence which try to make a short-term forecast of rainfalls (24 hours) over very spatially localized regions. The objective is to compare four different data-mining [1] methods for making a rainfall forecast [7], [10] for the next day using the data from a single weather station measurement.

Monte Carlo Simulations of Wind Speed Data

Abstract: A new Monte Carlo simulation procedure and nearby regional weather station data are used to predict wind speed and turbine energy. The evaluation of the predication values used cumulative distribution function (CDF) graphs. The predication process employed Weibull shape and scale values developed from 1, 12, 20 and 24 years of record for each weather station. Simulation using one year of wind speed data of a weather station located downwind of the wind turbine site resulted in the greatest match of simulation results to the measured values[ED1]. Most simulations of energy values were a closer match to the measured values than those of wind speed. A closer match was defined as simulated values in the CDF central range of 10 to 75 percent which is also a 25 to 75 percent probability factor.

Analysis of errors in degree days for building energy analysis using Meteorological Office weather station data

Abstract: Heating degree days are widely used in building energy management for weather normalization of energy use. Degree days are normally calculated at Meteorological Office weather stations sited some distance from the building of interest and this can introduce errors between the degree days used in the calculations and the actual degree days at the building. This paper analyses the major sources of errors in the degree days derived from a newly available data set of Met. Office stations supplied by the British Atmospheric Data Survey (BADC) and compares these errors against those from other available data sets. The BADC data set consists of hourly temperatures for 242 weather stations in the UK from January 2001 until November 2007 and has been converted to monthly degree days for the analysis. The errors have been analysed in terms of measurement and recording errors, errors due to altitude and errors due to spatial separation between weather station and building. The largest error is due to spatial separat...

Digital weather station

Abstract: A digital weather station for displaying weather related information. The digital weather station includes an electronic connection unit configured to receive weather data relating to a number of weather parameters, a processing unit configured to process the weather data relating to the number of weather parameters to determine a number of weather related health indicators, and a display unit configured to display the number of weather related health indicators.

Comparison and Spatial-temporal Variability of Daily Precipitation Data of Weather Stations and Rain Gauges in Haihe River Basin

Abstract: In this paper,the precipitation data from 30 weather stations for 1958-2007 and 248 rain gauges for 1995-2004 are examined and compared using linear regression,5-year moving average,Mann-Kendall trend analysis,Kolmogorov-Smirnov test,Z test and F test methods; the WS data are used to extend the short record of RG data series; the temporal and spatial variations of precipitation in the Haihe River basin are studied. The results show that:(1) The precipitation of 1958-2007 has been decreasing except for the spring. The decline trend is significant in summer,and this trend is stronger after the 1980s; (2) The annual precipitation from both WS and RG records are normally distributed,with minor difference in the mean value and variance. In addition,their correlation degrees are higher,and it is statistically feasible to extend the precipitation of RG by weather station precipitation; (3) The temporal and spatial patterns of summer and annual precipitation in the Haihe River Basin are similar:in the piedmont of the Taihang Mountains and Yanshan Mountains there exists a rainfall rich zone,while on the leeward slope of the mountains and in the plain area there is less rainfall. In addition,the rainfall declines from the south to the north,and from the coast to the inland; winter sees the least water vapor and less precipitation in the north than in the south; while spring and autumn often witness a transition from winter to summer. In recent 50 years,the declining trend is most significant around the Wutaishan station,as well as some regions in the piedmont,and the changing trends are different in different seasons.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Lightning Fire and Forecasting Model for Daxing'anling Region

Abstract: Lightning is an important fire source in Daxing'anling region,China(119.60°—127.02° E,47.05°—53.56° N).The daily fire weather index(FWI) component indexes were calculated based on the observations of 10 weather stations in the study area from 1990—2006.The observations of weather station included daily maximum temperature,daily minimum humidity,precipitation in 24-hour(20:00—20:00),and average wind speed.The weights of weather stations were determined according to the distances between each weather station and the study area center(122.665 5° E,51.013 7° N).Then the averages of FWI component indexes were calculated for the study area for analyzing its relationship with lightning fire occurrence.There were 591 wildfires in the Daxing'anling region from 1990—2006,in which 359 lightning fires accounting for 60.7 percent.70% of lightning fires distribute in the area 121°—125° E,51°—53° N.The average burned area of each lightning fire was 797.37 hm2,and burned forest 581.67 hm2.Lightning fires occurred in the deciduous conifer forest,deciduous broad-leaved forest and grassland accounted for 71.9%,2.5% and 17.3% respectively.Lightning fires occurred in the period from April to September and mainly in May to August.June was the month with most lightning fire(105 fires) from 1990—2006,which accounted for 29.7%.It was followed by July,28.3% lightning fires.During 1990—2006,the lightning fire season got longer in overall.From 1990—1998,lightning fires occurred in the period from April 24 to July 26,but in 1998—2006 lightning fire season extended to the end of September.All lightning fires occurred in August and September were the years from 1998—2005.Air temperature and precipitation influenced on lightning fire occurrence.In a higher month-average of daily maximum temperatures and less month-precipitation,lightning fires will increased significantly.Month-averages of fine fuel moisture code(FFMC),duff moisture code(DMC),drought code(DC) and FWI in dates from April to September when lightning fire occurred were 90.3,69.6,287.4 and 24.7 respectively,which were higher than those averages from 1990—2006.A probability forecasting model of lightning fire was established on the base of lightning fire occurrence probability and daily fire weather index.

Temperature extremes in California

Abstract: In this study, National Weather Service temperature datasets are analyzed to determine the hottest and coldest places in California. Data problems include a lack of spatial coverage of weather stations, and inaccurate or missing observations. The hottest place in California overall is Death Valley, whose mean July temperature is well above that of any other station. But in mean yearly temperature and mean yearly maximum temperature, Death Valley is not significantly hotter than other stations in the Salton Sea, Mojave Desert, and along the Colorado River. Bodie measures out to be the coldest spot in California, but colder temperatures do occur on the un-instrumented highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada and White Mountains. California hot and cold spots are then compared to those of the conterminous United States as a whole. The lack of a comprehensive weather station network, temperature data inaccuracies, and stations with close temperature values are all major problems that make it difficult to conclude that one place in California overall is the hottest or coldest.

Ozone concentration in ground-level air layer in north-western Poland - The role of meteorological elements

Abstract: Ozone concentration in ground-level air layer in north-western Poland – The role of meteorological elements. The research aimed at recognising time structure and variability of tropospheric ozone as a function of daytime and nocturnal meteorological conditions, particularly in the spring season (March–May), as well as fi nding a weather cluster at which the highest O3 concentration occurs. Ozone concentrations recorded every hour during the two years and data on fi ve other meteorological elements: total solar radiation, air temperature, relative air humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed provided the input data for the analysis. The data were collected at Widuchowa weather station, north-western Poland, near the Polish-German border. The highest ozone concentration was observed at daytime day, under conditions of eastern wind, low relative air humidity (about 35%), high values of total solar radiation (about 209 W·m–2), air temperature (17.0°C), atmospheric pressure (1016 hPa) and high wind speed (2.7 m·s–1). It is concluded that the magnitude of tropospheric ozone concentration recorded at Widuchowa is infl uenced by gaseous pollutants originating not only from the territory of Poland but also from Germany.

Adjusting Wind Speed Measured over Variable Height Alfalfa for Use in the ASCE Standardized Penman-Monteith Equation

Abstract: The ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation expects the weather station wind speed data to represent that occurring at a height of 2 m over and downwind of a smooth measurement surface such as clipped grass. The Task Committee on the Standardized Equation provided guidance for adjusting wind speed measured at height other than 2 m, or, for situations when the wind speed is measured over and downwind of 0.5 m alfalfa. The latter adjustment attempts to account for the effects of both grass and alfalfa crop characteristics (height, roughness) on the wind profile. A more physically representative approach to adjust wind speeds at various heights and various weather measurement surface conditions to equivalent wind speed at 2 m height over clipped grass is tested. Wind speeds were simultaneously measured during the 2008 growing season at 2-m and 3-m heights above ground surface over variable height alfalfa at two Colorado Agricultural Meteorological Network (CoAgMet) electronic weather stations and at the research alfalfa lysimeter installation at the Colorado State University Arkansas Valley Research Center. These wind speed measurements were adjusted to estimated wind speed at 2 m over grass, and compared.

Weather Monitoring Setup and Analysis of Air, Soil and Leaf Parameters

Abstract: The paper presents an extended set of weather related parameters that started to be continuously monitored in order to allow the evaluation of the local potential of renewable energies and also their impact on the fruits growing process. A complex web based monitoring system, including wireless weather stations and soil & leaf stations, was designed and realised in order to create a useful database of many parameters. The paper presents some correlations that were highlighted between air soil and leaf parameters. The first results obtained, are encouraging and justify extended analysis.

Impacts of Agricultural Expansion on Irrigation Water Requirements in Taita Hills, Kenya

Abstract: The presented work aims to evaluate the impacts of agricultural expansion on irrigation water requirements in Taita Hills, SE-Kenya. The first procedure of this research consists in implementing and calibrating an Evapotraspiration (ET) model for the study area. The ET is an important component of the hydrological cycle and an accurate quantification of such component is crucial for the design, operation and managment of irrigation systems. Three temperature based ET models are evaluated, namely the Hargreaves, the Thornthwaite and the Blaney-Criddle, given that these are the most recommended approaches when only air temperature data are available at weather stations. To overcome the insufficient data retrieved from ground stations, remote sensing land surface temperature data are used as input for the models. One weather station with complete climate datasets is used to calibrate the selected model using as reference the FAO-56 Penman -Monteith method. Simultaneously, future land use scenarios are simulated using a Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC) model. Synthetic weather datasets (temperature and precipitation) are generated using a Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the ET model and the LUCC model are integrated into a modeling framework in order to delineate Irrigation Water Requirement (IW) scenarios. The simulations indicate that throughout the next 20 years the low availability of space in highlands will drive agricultural expansion to areas with higher IWR in the foothills. However, climate changes predicted by GCMs will likely decrease IWR when compared with scenarios using the same temperature and precipitation averages as in the historical dataset.

A Study on Estimation of Wind Power Generation using Weather Data in Jeju Island

Abstract: Due to high oil price and global warming of the earth, investments for renewable energy have been increased a lot continuously Specially, wind power has been received a great attention in the world In order to construct a new wind farm, forecasting of wind power generation is essential for a feasibility test This paper investigates wind velocity measurement data of Gosan weather station which located in Hankyung of Jeju island This paper presents results of estimation of wind power generation using digital weather forecast provided from Korea meteorological administration, and the accuracy of the wind power forecasting by comparison between forecasted data and actual wind power data

Simulation of toxic gas dispersion based on GIS and real-time weather data

Abstract: The assumption of stable weather condition in Gauss model is hard to match the real accident scenario,and influence of terrain is oversimplified,which causes obvious difference between simulation results and real accident ones.To overcome the disadvantage,UWF-SPM(Unstable wind field-superposing puff model) was developed to simulate the concentration distribution under unstable weather conditions with the weather station system built to gather real-time weather data,and a method was developed to obtain aerodynamic roughness length(Z0) with GIS technology.Based on these technologies,the software was programmed to simulate the real-time concentration distribution in toxic gas dispersion,thus it could sufficiently reduce the difference between simulation results and real accident ones,and assist emergency rescue of such accidents.

Automatic weather station capable of maintaining remotely

Abstract: The invention relates to an automatic weather station capable of maintaining remotely, which comprises a remote central computer, a main weather collector, and a plurality of weather sub-collectors, wherein the remote central computer is connected with the main weather collector through a communication module and a computer communication network; the main weather collector is connected with the weather sub-collectors respectively through CAN buses; the main weather collector receives a command from the remote central computer, and correspondingly sends data report output with various regulations to the remote central computer; the main weather collector and the plurality of the weather sub-collectors are internally provided with a communication management program respectively; in addition, the weather station is provided with a configuration computer, and the configuration computer is provided with a configuration software packet and is connected with the main weather collector, so that the main weather collector is configured with application programs. The automatic weather station realizes the remote maintenance by arranging the configuration computer.

Study on the characteristic of ecoclimate effect in forest zone of Ziwuling on Loess Plateau

Abstract: In order to explore the characteristics of ecoclimate effects, the annual variation of meteorological factor was analyzed by using the meteorological data from Taibai Weather Station which located in Ziwuling forest region, Huachi Weather Station and Qingcheng Weather Station which located in the boarder of forest area. The result showed that the temperature and evaporation in Ziwuling forest region in each month were obviously lower, and meanwhile, the precipitation in May, July and September and air humidity from April to September were higher than that in the surrounding area. The rain days in forest region were more than that in the surrounding area. It means that the climate in Ziwuling forest region was cold and humid.

Observation and analysis of micro meteorology parameters and PM10 for an ultra strong dust-storm

Abstract: Using automatic weather station and China and South Korea's cooperative sandstorm monitoring system in Zhurihe weather station in the middle region of Inner Mongolia,meteorological parameters and other data were observed in this region.The relationship between the micro meteorological parameters near earth and the intensity of dust-storm on March 9,2006 were analyzed.At the same time,the characteristic of PM10 were also analyzed for the dust storm by utilizing China and South Korea's cooperative sandstorm monitoring system data.The results show that the Mongolian cyclone is the main reason to form the ultra strong storm;the variations of the micro meteorological parameters of near earth during the ultra strong storm relate to position and intensity of the cyclone;Temperature,pressure,humidity and the wind speed are closely related to intensity of the sandstorm;PM10 and intensity of sandstorm have good corresponding relation each other,and the highest PM10 value exceed 140mg/m3 when the storm is in its most violent interval.

Evaluating weather factors and material response during outdoor exposure to determine accelerated test protocols for predicting service life

Abstract: To develop service life prediction methods for the study of sealants, a fully instrumented weather station was installed at an outdoor test site near Madison, WI. Temperature, relative humidiy, rainfall, ultraviolet (UV) radiation at 18 wavelengths, and wind speed and direction are being continuously measured and stored. The weather data can be integrated over time to calculate the dose of the weathering factors. In the study reported here, sealant test specimens were installed in a specially designed apparatus that subjected them to weather-induced cyclic movement that forced a response. Load-deflection information and weather were correlated to yield information on critical factors affecting the sealant performance. The results showed a clear link between the sealant response during weathering and the weather conditions causing this response. Instrumentation of the outdoor test facility and the data collection system ore briefly described and methods for analyzing data are evaluated.