Weather station

About: Weather station is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1789 publications have been published within this topic receiving 42864 citations. The topic is also known as: meteorological station & meteorological observation post.

Climate change and design wind load concepts

Abstract: In recent years, the effects of a possible climate change have been discussed in regard to wind loading on buildings and structures. Simple scenarios based on the assumption of global warming suggest an in crease of storm intensities and storm frequencies and a possible re-distribution of storm tracks. Among recent publications, some papers seem to verify these scenarios while others deny the influence of climatic change. In an introductory step, the paper tries to re-examine these statements. Based on meteorological observations of a weather station in Germany, the existence of long-term trends and their statistical significance is investigated. The analysis itself is based on a refined model for the wind climate introducing a number of new basic variables. Thus, the numerical values of the design wind loads used in modern codes become more justified from the probabilistic point of view.

ICT approaches to integrating institutional and non-institutional data services for better understanding of hydro-meteorological phenomena

Abstract: . It is widely recognised that an effective exploitation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is an enabling factor to achieve major advancements in Hydro-Meteorological Research (HMR). Recently, a lot of attention has been devoted to the use of ICT in HMR activities, e.g. in order to facilitate data exchange and integration, to improve computational capabilities and consequently model resolution and quality. Nowadays, ICT technologies have demonstrated that it is possible to extend monitoring networks by integrating sensors and other sources of data managed by volunteer's communities. These networks are constituted by peers that span a wide portion of the territory in many countries. The peers are "location aware" in the sense that they provide information strictly related with their geospatial location. The coverage of these networks, in general, is not uniform and the location of peers may follow random distribution. The ICT features used to set up the network are lightweight and user friendly, thus, permitting the peers to join the network without the necessity of specialised ICT knowledge. In this perspective it is of increasing interest for HMR activities to elaborate of Personal Weather Station (PWS) networks, capable to provide almost real-time, location aware, weather data. Moreover, different big players of the web arena are now providing world-wide backbones, suitable to present on detailed map location aware information, obtained by mashing up data from different sources. This is the case, for example, with Google Earth and Google Maps. This paper presents the design of a mashup application aimed at aggregating, refining and visualizing near real-time hydro-meteorological datasets. In particular, we focused on the integration of instant precipitation depths, registered either by widespread semi-professional weather stations and official ones. This sort of information has high importance and usefulness in decision support systems and Civil Protection applications. As a significant case study, we analysed the rainfall data observed during the severe flash-flood event of 4 November 2011 over Liguria region, Italy. The joint use of official observation network with PWS networks and meteorological radar allowed for the making of evident finger-like convection structure.

Progress Report of Drift Bottle Releases in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Abstract: Twenty-five thousand drift bottles have been released in lots of one thousand at Ocean Weather Station PAPA and at eleven selected positions in the northeast Pacific Ocean. To April 15, 1958, there...

The Effect of Temperature on Actual Evapotranspiration based on Landsat 5 TM Satellite Imagery

Abstract: In the water cycle, evapotranspiration is one of the most important components, but it is one of the most difficult to measure and monitor. Evapotranspiration relates to the exchange of energy in the atmosphere, ground surface, and root zone. Some elements of calculated evapotranspiration can be measured by weather stations, while others are estimated from empirical equations. Then, the calculated evapotranspiration has some inaccuracy. To improve upon this problem, the combination of meteorological data and remote sensing observersions are an alternative evapotranspiration approach. (Hongjie et al., 2002; Kalluri et al., 2003) On the other hand, temperature is normally measured in a number of weather stations. Since temperature relates to many weather data, temperature can imply the characteristic of other weather data. For example, low temperature is included high humidity but low evaporation can be occurred in the condition of low temperature. Moreover, the variable spatial resolution is the characteristic of both actual evapotranspiration and temperature. At present, satellite image are used for studying the Earth's surface and it bolsters spatial resolution. Then, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of temperature on actual evapotranspiration using satellite image. Evapotranspiration occurs from evaporation and transpiration, and it can be obtained from weather data and satellite images. Evaporation is the primary process of water transfer in the hydrological cycle. The water is transformed into vapour and transported into the sky. Evaporation can be classified into potential evaporation and actual evaporation. The potential evaporation is defined as the amount of evaporation that would occur if a sufficient water source were available. On the other hand, the actual evaporation is the amount of water which is evaporated a normal day. The potential evaporation is the maximum value of the actual evaporation. Transpiration is included by the vaporization of liquid water contained in plant tissues and the vapor removal to the atmosphere. (Hongjie et al., 2002; Kalluri et al., 2003) Evapotranspiration is normally computed from the PenmanMonteith FAO 56 equation using weather data. This equation is affected by principal weather parameters such as radiation, air temperature, humidity and wind speed. These parameters can be measured by weather station and computed by the equation of FAO irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (Allen et al., 1998). In addition to the PenmanMonteith FAO 56 equation, evapotranspiration can be estimated from the concept of energy