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Showing papers on "Web accessibility published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two novel frameworks are proposed to compare the performance of web accessibility evaluation tools in detecting web accessibility issues based on WCAG 2.0 and the findings showed that the homepage of Taibah University is more accessible than the homepages of other Saudi universities.
Abstract: With the growth of e-services in the past two decades, the concept of web accessibility has been given attention to ensure that every individual can benefit from these services without any barriers. Web accessibility is considered one of the main factors that should be taken into consideration while developing webpages. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0) have been developed to guide web developers to ensure that web contents are accessible for all users, especially disabled users. Many automatic tools have been developed to check the compliance of websites with accessibility guidelines such as WCAG 2.0 and to help web developers and content creators with designing webpages without barriers for disabled people. Despite the popularity of accessibility evaluation tools in practice, there is no systematic way to compare the performance of web accessibility evaluators. This paper first presents two novel frameworks. The first one is proposed to compare the performance of web accessibility evaluation tools in detecting web accessibility issues based on WCAG 2.0. The second framework is utilized to evaluate webpages in meeting these guidelines. Six homepages of Saudi universities were chosen as case studies to substantiate the concept of the proposed frameworks. Furthermore, two popular web accessibility evaluators, Wave and SiteImprove, are selected to compare their performance. The outcomes of studies conducted using the first proposed framework showed that SiteImprove outperformed WAVE. According to the outcomes of the studies conducted, we can conclude that web administrators would benefit from the first framework in selecting an appropriate tool based on its performance to evaluate their websites based on accessibility criteria and guidelines. Moreover, the findings of the studies conducted using the second proposed framework showed that the homepage of Taibah University is more accessible than the homepages of other Saudi universities. Based on the findings of this study, the second framework can be used by web administrators and developers to measure the accessibility of their websites. This paper also discusses the most common accessibility issues reported by WAVE and SiteImprove.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The empirical evaluation methods for evaluating accessibility to educational websites, disabilities and their errors described in a total of 25 selected studies could be improved by adopting automatic evaluation tools for website construction and manual mechanisms with web accessibility experts.
Abstract: This work was supported in part by the Catholic University of Cuenca and in part by the EduTech Project co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union under Grant 609785-EPP-1-2019-1-ES-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Improving cardiothoracic website accessibility and content may have implications for attracting the most competitive applicants while limiting the financial and scheduling demands associated with the interview process.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An accessibility analysis of 59 higher education websites of Portugal is presented and the feedback to website administrator and web developers to improve the accessibility evaluation status of these websites is provided.
Abstract: The higher education institutions across the globe are steadily increasing their usage of the web platforms to disseminate information to its stakeholders. In this background, it becomes important to make these resources inclusive. An inclusive website of a higher education institution will facilitate seamless access to its resources for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs). This paper presents an accessibility analysis of 59 higher education websites of Portugal. Both Polytechnic (19) and University (40) websites were incorporated into the study. The accessibility analysis is carried out with three major tools: AChecker, WAVE, and aXe. With respect to the AChecker tool, the average of known problems was observed almost doubled in Universities than Polytechnic Institution websites of Portugal under all levels of conformance. With respect to WAVE tool, we found that the average of alerts, structural elements, and HTML5 & ARIA in terms of web accessibility status of websites of Polytechnic Institutes are less than the Universities, but contrast errors are found with more frequency in Polytechnic Institutes than in universities, and the average of errors and features are almost the same in both of the cases. Also, we found that the average number of violations and needs of review guidelines as per aXe tool are 50.84 and 21.47 in Polytechnic Institutes’ websites and 30.75 and 27.83 in Universities websites belonging to Portugal, respectively. Based on scores obtained by these accessibility analysis tools, the outliers of accessibility violations are calculated with respect to websites of Polytechnic Institutes and Universities of Portugal. Moreover, we also suggested and discussed the important clues to solve the accessibility violations of websites along with their issue descriptions among the selected websites in this study. Hence, this analysis report provides the feedback to website administrator and web developers to improve the accessibility evaluation status of these websites.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An accessibility evaluation of the homepages of all 26 SA university websites showed that none of the websites met all the WCAG 2.0 accessibility criteria, suggesting the need for SA universities to devote the necessary financial and human resources to enhance the accessibility of their websites.
Abstract: In today’s information age, many universities around the world utilize their websites as a key platform for interaction with various stakeholders. As a result, it is of crucial importance for these websites to be highly accessible so that they can be effectively used by all stakeholders. However, there has been growing evidence over the years indicating that most university websites are unable to meet accessibility criteria. This study had as objective to evaluate the accessibility of South African (SA) university websites. An accessibility evaluation of the homepages of all 26 SA university websites showed that none of the websites met all the WCAG 2.0 accessibility criteria. The websites violated an average of eight rules, of which many are fundamental Level A criteria that ideally must be addressed by all websites. Additionally, all the websites had broken links, while four of the websites failed the Google Mobile-friendly Test. These findings suggest the need for SA universities to devote the necessary financial and human resources to enhance the accessibility of their websites.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The conclusion reached was that not all the information is accessible in accordance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1, which implies that there are groups that are, to some extent, left out, especially affecting the elderly.
Abstract: Health crisis situations generate greater attention and dependence on reliable and truthful information from citizens, especially from those organisations that represent authority on the subject, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). In times of global pandemics such as COVID-19, the WHO message "health for all" takes on great communicative importance, especially from the point of view of the prevention of the disease and recommendations for action. Therefore, any communication must be understandable and accessible by all types of people, regardless of their technology, language, culture or disability (physical or mental), according to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), taking on special relevance for public health content. This study analysed whether the WHO is accessible in its digital version for all groups of citizens according to the widely accepted standards in the field of the Internet. The conclusion reached was that not all the information is accessible in accordance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1, which implies that there are groups that are, to some extent, left out, especially affecting the elderly. This study can contribute to the development of proposals and suggest ways in which to improve the accessibility of health content to groups especially vulnerable in this pandemic.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is a great opportunity for improvement in the accessibility of the investigated websites, and municipalities were found to be heavily committed to the questionnaire survey, indicative of the importance and relevance of the problem of accessibility and quality of public websites.
Abstract: The paper investigates the accessibility of local government websites. It focuses in particular on disability, e-administration, and web accessibility standards for the visually impaired. The research involved 182 websites of local government bodies of the Malopolskie Voivodeship (Poland). It employed selected automated testing applications. The occurrence of selected accessibility tools on the websites was verified with a cognitive walkthrough. A questionnaire survey was conducted as well. Results of the automatic measurements were standardized using the unitarization method. The effort yielded an aggregate final score for each website in the form of the AAR (Aggregate Accessibility Rating). It was used to build a ranking list of the websites and order them by the accessibility criterion. The websites achieved 57.23% of the available AAR points in total. This indicates there is a great opportunity for improvement in the accessibility of the investigated websites (in the employed research design). Moreover, municipalities were found to be heavily committed to the questionnaire survey, which is indicative of the importance and relevance of the problem of accessibility and quality of public websites.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A manual evaluation of videos published on YouTube by the best universities in the world based on compliance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 of the World Wide Web Consortium highlights the urgent need to change the current low level of accessibility that their educational videos show.
Abstract: Video consumption on the web has increased markedly in recent years. Universities use videos in different teaching-learning modalities, as well as on their websites, to publish information aimed at their stakeholders. Access to education and information has been recognized as a human right in several international conventions and the constitutions of most countries. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that videos published on the web can be accessed by people with disabilities. The universality of the web is so important that some organizations worldwide have contributed to the development of standards and recommendations focused on web accessibility. Despite these efforts, the rights of millions of people are currently violated, as they are excluded from access to both education and information published on the web. Regarding videos, the reasons are a lack of captions, sign language, audio descriptions, and transcriptions, among others. The objective of this study is to evaluate the accessibility of videos published on YouTube by the best universities in the world based on compliance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 of the World Wide Web Consortium. We carry out a manual evaluation of 91,421 videos, which were all published on YouTube by 113 universities taken from the Shanghai Ranking. Our purpose is to highlight the urgent need to change the current low level of accessibility that their educational videos show. Consequently, statistical results are presented regarding the compliance with video accessibility according to the regions and positions of the universities in the ranking.

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A mobile app of drug information for people with visual impairment using a user-centered design process was designed and developed, highlighting the importance of involving the users and other stakeholders in the design and development m-health technologies.
Abstract: Background People with visual impairment presents difficulties to access the labels information of medicines. In this sense, technological tools can contribute to improve access to this information and the appropriate use of medicines in this population. However, currently, in Colombia, there are no tools to facilitate this process. Objective To design and development of a mobile app of drug information for people with visual impairment, which allows them to access information for the appropriate use of medicines. Methods A user-centered design process is carried out in four phases was used: a) Identification the needs and barriers for appropriate use of medicines; b) Lifting of requirements, c) Interface design and prototyping, and development of the mobile app, and d) Usability test. Results The study involved 48 people with visual disability, of which 69% required assistance for the use of medicines. The main barriers identified were access to information and dosing. A total of ten user requirements were identified, based on these and international accessibility standards FarmaceuticApp was designed and developed, incorporating the problems that were identified in the usability test. Conclusion A mobile app of drug information for people with visual impairment using a user-centered design process was designed and developed, highlighting the importance of involving the users and other stakeholders in the design and development m-health technologies. FarmaceuticApp could contribute to the appropriate use of medicines and improve therapeutic adherence, as well as autonomy and independence in people with visual impairment.

15 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Oct 2020
TL;DR: This paper explores how UX professionals in Nordic countries view and practice digital accessibility and shows that, generally, the UX professionals consider digital accessibility to be important and their organizations include accessibility in their projects.
Abstract: User experience (UX) professionals are key actors in promoting inclusion in the digital society. They are responsible for ensuring that web pages and digital services are in line with regulatory frameworks and that digital accessibility for all is incorporated into their designs. Still, there are few dedicated professionals that specialize only in accessibility. In this paper, we explore how UX professionals in Nordic countries view and practice digital accessibility. We collected data from 167 UX professionals in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden using an online survey. Our results show that, generally, the UX professionals consider digital accessibility to be important and their organizations include accessibility in their projects. However, they spend limited work time on accessibility issues and have limited knowledge about accessibility guidelines and standards. Their main challenges in creating accessible systems are related to time constraints, lack of training, and cost.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a structural model of 523 validated questionnaires of Romanian consumers of electronic and household appliances was used to investigate how the antecedents of e-loyalty have changed their effect on consumer attitudes and perceptions of online e-commerce sites.
Abstract: E-commerce’s latest trends, highlighted by the global phenomena of the COVID-19 pandemic, explicitly show substantial changes in the online consumers’ behavior as well. More and more specialists are talking about the emergence of a new paradigm in consumption, and of possible evolutions toward sustainable consumption. The purpose of this research is to investigate how the antecedents of e-loyalty have changed their effect on consumer attitudes and perceptions of e-commerce sites. The results, obtained through a structural model of 523 validated questionnaires of Romanian consumers of electronic and household appliances, show the importance of the effect of website accessibility, a factor that, until recently, exerted an influence mediated by other elements grouped either under the umbrella of site quality or site design. The model validated after the analysis shows the direct effect of the accessibility of the websites on e-loyalty, satisfaction and trust of the consumers. Based on the results, the value of this study lies in the fact that it presents arguments on how the boost of e-commerce systems leads to sales processes’ sustainability improvement and, to the same extent, the improvement of the ways for reporting sustainability using IT tools (online databases with customers, software integrated into e-commerce platforms, electronic financial management).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present study attempts to evaluate the accessibility of government and public agency healthcare Web sites in Korea through user testing and reveals problems across four principles of accessibility, i.e., perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust.
Abstract: The present study attempts to evaluate the accessibility of government and public agency healthcare Web sites in Korea through user testing. The study recruited blind (24 participants) and second-level sight-impaired people (1 participant), and evaluated ten healthcare Web sites of Korean government and public institutions. These Web sites revealed problems across four principles of accessibility, i.e., perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust. First, according to principle 1, perceivable, the main errors occurred in providing adequate alternate texts and clear instructions. Second, five errors were predominant with regard to principle 2, operable. These are keyboard operation errors, focus order errors, bypass blocks errors, page title errors, and the lack of appropriate link text. Third, with respect to principle 3, understandable, most problems were found in user responses, content sequence, tables, and labels. Finally, based on principle 4, robust, problems regarded markup correctness and Web application accessibility. The problems identified in the study can be simply resolved; however, similar accessibility issues have recurred. Therefore, future research needs to investigate whether government and public agencies or their Web developers are aware of the importance of accessibility.

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Mar 2020
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the topic of accessibility is not covered in web development courses, although both students and lecturers think that it should, and confirm the finding that, among web developers, there is a low familiarity with accessibility guidelines and policies.
Abstract: Web accessibility is becoming a relevant topic with an increased number of people with disabilities and the elderly using the web. Numerous legislations are being passed that require the web to be universally accessible to all people, regardless of their abilities and age. Despite this trend, university curricula still teach traditional web development without addressing accessibility as a topic. To investigate this matter closely, we studied the syllabi of web development courses at one university to evaluate whether the topic of accessibility was taught there. Additionally, we conducted a survey with nineteen students who were enrolled in a web development course, and we interviewed three lecturers from the same university. Our findings suggest that the topic of accessibility is not covered in web development courses, although both students and lecturers think that it should. This generates lack of competence in accessibility. The findings also confirm the finding of previous studies that, among web developers, there is a low familiarity with accessibility guidelines and policies. An interesting finding we uncovered was that gender affects the motivation to learn about accessibility. Females were driven by personal reasons, which we attribute to females having an increased sense of empathy. Finally, our participants were divided in their opinions whether accessibility contributes to usability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The analysis on whether the number of accessibility errors in the evaluated websites changed according to the country’s HDI showed that for conformance level A, representing the “must satisfy” checkpoints, the difference was significant.
Abstract: This study aimed to explore the relationship between human development index (HDI) of countries and level of web accessibility and quality in use of their municipality websites. A list of 146 countries was obtained from the 2016 Global Human Development Report of the United Nations. Of these countries, 49 had a very high HDI, 42 had a high HDI, 33 had a medium HDI, and 22 had a low HDI. For the analysis of web accessibility and quality in use, the official municipality websites of capital cities of each country were found. These websites were tested using automated evaluation tools. The results showed that the global rank of municipality websites, their rank within the country of location, and percentage of incoming traffic within the country of location varied depending on their HDI. Furthermore, the number of websites that passed all WCAG 2.0 success criteria was very low. The analysis on whether the number of accessibility errors in the evaluated websites changed according to the country’s HDI showed that for conformance level A, representing the “must satisfy” checkpoints, the difference was significant. The municipality websites had fewer errors in countries with a higher HDI.

Journal ArticleDOI
18 Jun 2020
TL;DR: This work describes the design of its main features, including support for recent guidelines and tailored results presentations, and reports on first technical and empirical validations that have provided positive feedback.
Abstract: Automatic support for web accessibility validation needs to evolve for several reasons. The increasingly recognised importance of accessibility implies that various stakeholders, with different expertise, look at it from different viewpoints and have different requirements regarding the types of outputs they expect. The technologies used to support Web application access are evolving along with the associated accessibility guidelines. We present a novel tool that aims to provide flexible and open support for addressing such issues. We describe the design of its main features, including support for recent guidelines and tailored results presentations, and report on first technical and empirical validations that have provided positive feedback.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experimental results show several issues on usability and content accessibility of the selected e-learning websites, which are not fit with the content accessibility standards.
Abstract: Quality has become a fundamental requirement for success and sustainability of websites. This study discusses the evaluation of some e-Learning websites as one of the main sources of information to administrators, students and teachers in the educational systems. This article investigates the quality of e-learning websites in the Middle East in term of usability and content accessibility. Eleven websites from eleven countries were selected for this study. Evaluations process is done based on different web diagnostic tools and measures. The experimental results show several issues on usability and content accessibility of the selected e-learning websites. Many usability problems with respect of speed and number of broken links were found. Moreover, the design of the selected websites is not fit with the content accessibility standards.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
17 Mar 2020
TL;DR: This work proposes SaIL, a scalable approach that automatically detects the important sections of a web page, and then injects ARIA landmarks into the corresponding HTML markup to facilitate quick access to these sections.
Abstract: Navigating webpages with screen readers is a challenge even with recent improvements in screen reader technologies and the increased adoption of web standards for accessibility, namely ARIA. ARIA landmarks, an important aspect of ARIA, lets screen reader users access different sections of the webpage quickly, by enabling them to skip over blocks of irrelevant or redundant content. However, these landmarks are sporadically and inconsistently used by web developers, and in many cases, even absent in numerous web pages. Therefore, we propose SaIL, a scalable approach that automatically detects the important sections of a web page, and then injects ARIA landmarks into the corresponding HTML markup to facilitate quick access to these sections. The central concept underlying SaIL is visual saliency, which is determined using a state-of-the-art deep learning model that was trained on gaze-tracking data collected from sighted users in the context of web browsing. We present the findings of a pilot study that demonstrated the potential of SaIL in reducing both the time and effort spent in navigating webpages with screen readers.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: The majority of tourism websites homepages were found to fail one or more of the W3C web accessibility measures which means disabled users may have substantial problems when accessing websites.
Abstract: The technologies have received predominant interest in the tourism industry. The increase of technology and wireless connection reduces time and distance limitation which leads to a positive communication and relationship between suppliers and consumers. However, are the web tools properly designed and coded, to be used by people with disabilities? This paper was aimed to present the results of the web accessibility of tourism websites. Each homepage was analyzed in terms of the World Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) web accessibility. The majority of tourism websites homepages were found to fail one or more of the W3C web accessibility measures which means disabled users may have substantial problems when accessing websites. Several suggestions on how to improve the accessibility of the websites are then offered. This study contributed to the discussion about the use of tourism technologies by people with disabilities.

Dissertation
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: By conducting a comparative study of two CAT tools, SDL Trados Studio 2017 and MemoQ v8.7, this research project aimed to examine the impact of these tools on the achievement of accessibility conformance during the web localisation process and measure the functional suitability of the CAT tools.
Abstract: By conducting a comparative study of two CAT tools, SDL Trados Studio 2017 and MemoQ v8.7, this research project aimed to examine the impact of these tools on the achievement of accessibility conformance during the web localisation process. Two different approaches were adopted to investigate this matter. The first stage comprised a descriptive approach, in which the researcher analysed the CAT tools’ performance and determined whether they could support and transfer a selection of qualities related to accessibility embedded in an HTML5 code. The results indicated that the two systems supported and transferred the majority of these elements, but not all of them. The second stage of the research consisted of a tool evaluation carried out by ten novice web localisers. The goal was to measure the functional suitability of the CAT tools and analyse the influence of participants’ knowledge of accessibility on the final target product.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper draws the conclusion that, despite technological and legislative advances that make public entity websites accessible, there is still much to do before complete web accessibility and usability at AA and AAA level can be achieved.
Abstract: This paper presents an exploratory study on the accessibility of Spanish World Heritage website home pages in the Spanish language.,The study sample comprised 78 home pages from the institutional websites of the 47 cultural, natural and mixed assets considered as World Cultural Heritage by The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco). These home pages have been analysed using online accessibility validator tools, following the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 recommendation for the different levels of priority. The compiled data were employed in a quantitative study on adherence to WCAG guidelines. Furthermore, the types of errors made using the perspective of accessibility and usability were identified, and the application rate was calculated for these accessibility guidelines according to the type of entity managed by the websites and pages.,The results show that more than 25 percent of the cases analysed had ten accessibility errors or fewer. Moreover, it was only necessary to correct one or two types of errors in close to 40 percent of them. The paper draws the conclusion that, despite technological and legislative advances that make public entity websites accessible, there is still much to do before complete web accessibility and usability at AA and AAA level can be achieved.,Identifying accessibility problems on institutional websites constitutes the first step towards creating web content that is easy to access and manage for users with disabilities. In this regard, this study contributes to improving web content according to objective guidelines such as those encouraged by the WCAG 2.0.,This article provides information on how accessibility and usability guidelines are implemented by institutional websites for Cultural Heritage deemed especially important. This is an issue with significant implications for users and for which, however, there is a lack of prior studies. As a result, the value and originality of this paper can be considered evident.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
12 Aug 2020
TL;DR: The findings suggest that course production teams need to work collaboratively with providers to address issues of accessibility and involve learners in design, testing and evaluation and well-designed tutor-supported activities that follow web accessibility and usability guidelines are needed.
Abstract: While learning at scale has the potential to widen access to education, the accessibility of courses offered on Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) platforms has not been researched in depth. This paper begins to fill that gap. Data was gathered using the participatory 'Evidence Cafe' method. Thematic analysis identified characteristics of accessible courses on these platforms. These characteristics include elements of both technology and pedagogy. Capturing and analysing expert insights enables this paper to provide guidance on how online courses can be made more accessible. The findings suggest that course production teams need to work collaboratively with providers to address issues of accessibility and involve learners in design, testing and evaluation. Well-designed tutor-supported activities that follow web accessibility and usability guidelines are needed, as well as educator training on accessibility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data show that university websites have frequent problems related to the lack of alternative text linked to images, and this data has been shared to allow replication of the experiment, and serve as an input to future studies related to web accessibility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a valuable tool, providing a means of instruction, communication, and collaboration to many organizations including the government institutions that citizens rely upon, is discussed. But, it is not clear how to use social media for this purpose.
Abstract: Social media is a valuable tool, providing a means of instruction, communication, and collaboration to many organizations including the government institutions that citizens rely upon. However, whi...

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: Conversational interfaces are about to revolutionize accessibility and in this provocative paper, it is shown the benefits, problems, and open issues that happen when these interfaces meet accessibility requirements.
Abstract: Conversational interfaces are making web accessibility studies obsolete. Long-time has passed since the introduction of graphical interfaces. They revolutionized the way people used the computer. The desktop metaphor popularized and made easy access to the software but did not consider the specific needs of people with some form of sight and/or motion impairments. Accessibility, at that time, was a minor issue. The web changed everything and empathized the need to include people. Researchers from around the world began working on accessibility, which is still an issue on the agenda of many scientific labs. Despite this, we observe that today, with the diffusion of conversational interfaces, there is less need to bother about colors, fonts, size and many other visual features. Indeed, people might access to web contents through voice interaction. No need to see the graphic interface or to use input devices requiring the use of hands. The voice is everything you need, and accessibility has never been easier. Conversational interfaces are about to revolutionize accessibility and in this provocative paper, we show benefits, problems, and open issues that happen when these interfaces meet accessibility requirements.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
20 Apr 2020
TL;DR: A customized automated accessibility testing tool built on existing open source tools that makes upholding web accessibility standards less daunting and overwhelming for developers working on Singapore government e-services is proposed.
Abstract: The paper proposes a customized automated accessibility testing tool built on existing open source tools that makes upholding web accessibility standards less daunting and overwhelming for developers working on Singapore government e-services.We incorporate findings from contextual inquiry (N = 8) on government e-service use by persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Singapore to help software development teams identify and prioritise accessibility test findings within the agile development cycle. Our tool incorporates a customised accessibility audit tool with rule set prioritised from the contextual inquiry, and built as part of a software package that can be rapidly deployed on continuous integration / continuous delivery (CI/CD) platforms to scale up the adoption and accessibility testing.The goal of our tool is to deliver a usable output for developers and product managers that is streamlined, targeted, and integrated into existing workflows.

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Nov 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the accessibility evaluation focused on compliance with the most recent international standards provided by The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) called WCAG 2.0 Level AAA.
Abstract: Website in higher education utilized for many purposes such as providing learning resources, information, and news related to student’s academic needs. For this purpose, university websites must be accessible for all users including students with disabilities. This article describes a study conducted to evaluate the accessibility of university websites for people with disabilities in Indonesia. The accessibility evaluation focused on compliance with the most recent international standards provides by The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) called WCAG 2.0. A quantitative research would be utilized in this study using website accessibility online evaluation tools namely, Achecker. This study comprises the analysis of accessibility of 20 websites from top-ranked universities in Indonesia based on webometrics ranking. The result of this study showed that 95% of the university websites examined carried problems in conformity with WCAG 2.0 Level AAA.

Book ChapterDOI
19 Feb 2020
TL;DR: This research proposes an assessment method to measure the accessibility of health-related web applications that can serve as a reference to apply to any website.
Abstract: Today, the growing number of applications and web users make software engineering a promising field, especially the development of accessible web applications. According to the World Health Organization, 15% of the world’s population carries some form of disability. There are many websites for patient care, but not all of them are accessible. Therefore, it is necessary to develop accessible websites for health services that comply with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 that provide guidelines for the development of more accessible and inclusive applications. Testing accessibility in web applications is a major challenge for accessibility experts, so this research proposes an assessment method to measure the accessibility of health-related web applications. The method can serve as a reference to apply to any website.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
22 Apr 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a preliminary evaluation carried out with a sample of the five most visited Ecuadorian e-Government websites that provide online services to citizens.
Abstract: The National Council for Equal Disabilities of Ecuador reports that there are 471,020 citizens with disabilities registered in the country. This represents the 2.75% of the population. From them, 290,148 are adult citizens who are potential beneficiaries of accessible public websites. In 2016, the Ecuadorian Institute for Standardization published the Ecuadorian technical regulation RTE INEN 288 that applies to web content published on public and private Ecuadorian websites that provide public services. The regulation establishes that the level of conformity A of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) version 2.0 must have been fully satisfied by 2018 and the level AA should be complied by August 2020. Soon, this regulation should be updated to the current version 2.1 published in June 2018. This study presents the results of a preliminary evaluation carried out with a sample of the five most visited Ecuadorian e-Government websites that provide online services to citizens. Two automated web accessibility evaluation tools were used: WAVE and Cynthia Says. The results reveal that all the evaluated websites have accessibility issues and fail to comply with the Ecuadorian regulation. The three most recurrent accessibility errors were a lack of alternative texts (WCAG Success Criteria 1.1.1 Non-text Content, Level A) and empty links (WCAG Success Criteria 2.4.4 Link Purpose, Level A). Overall, 74.8% of the issues found corresponded to Level A while 25.2% corresponded to Level AA.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2020
TL;DR: Web Accessibility compliance is evaluated and over all report on how Government of India’s websites are developed to handle World Wide Web Consortium”s Web Accessibility standard is provided.
Abstract: Information technology has become a part of day to day life. In every part of day to day information technology has its intervention. Government activities and services are also part of this digital revolution. Many of the Governments around the world had already provided the services in digital form and some are in the process of change. That means the services offered by Government are available through web-applications and websites and users do not go to physical offices to avail these services. These users include those as well who are differently abled and need specific help to perform tasks. These disabled users are mostly ignored while developing digital applications. So, there are lot of websites where these specially challenged people are not able to do usual work as per expectation. This study evaluates Web Accessibility compliance and provides over all report on how Government of India’s websites are developed to handle World Wide Web Consortium’s Web Accessibility standard. Here reports have been generated based on tools and Web Content Accessibility Guideline (WCAG) 2.0 are followed. After analyzing accessibility scores and issues, the result says, websites of government of India still need lot of improvement to reach standard web accessibility standard.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the accessibility of the statistical charts about the Covid-19 crisis for people with low vision that were published by the Brazilian, British, Russian, Spanish, European Union, and United States’ governments and also by the World Health Organization and Johns Hopkins University, relating to the countries most severely affected by the pandemic.
Abstract: During the Covid-19 pandemic, people rely on the Internet in order to obtain information that can help them understand the coronavirus crisis. This situation has exposed the need to ensure that everyone has access to essential information on equal terms. During this situation, statistical charts have been used to display data related to the pandemic, and have had an important role in conveying, clarifying and simplifying information provided by governments and health organisations. Scientific literature and the guidelines published by organizations have focused on proposing solutions to make charts accessible for blind people or people with very little visual rest. However, the same efforts are not made towards people with low vision, despite their higher prevalence in the population of users with visual impairment. This paper reviews the accessibility of the statistical charts about the Covid-19 crisis for people with low vision that were published by the Brazilian, British, Russian, Spanish, European Union, and the United States’ governments and also by the World Health Organization and Johns Hopkins University, relating to the countries most severely affected by the pandemic. The review is based on specific heuristic indicators, with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. Overall, the reviewed charts offer a reasonable level of accessibility, although there are some relevant problems affecting many of the low vision profiles that remain to be solved. The main problems identified are: poor text alternatives in both, raster images and SVG charts; the incompatibility with a keyboard interface; insufficient non-text contrast against adjacent colours (in chart elements such as bars, lines or areas), no customization options; and the lack of an optimized print version for users for whom reading on screen is challenging.