Showing papers on "Web standards published in 2020"

Integrated Content and Network-Based Service Clustering and Web APIs Recommendation for Mashup Development

Abstract: The rapid growth in the number and diversity of Web APIs, coupled with the myriad of functionally similar Web APIs, makes it difficult to find most suitable Web APIs for users to accelerate and accomplish Mashup development. Even if the existing methods show improvements in Web APIs recommendation, it is still challenging to recommend Web APIs with high accuracy and good diversity. In this paper, we propose an integrated content and network-based service clustering and Web APIs recommendation method for Mashup development. This method, first develop a two-level topic model by using the relationship among Mashup services to mine the latent useful and novel topics for better service clustering accuracy. Moreover, based on the clustering results of Mashups, it designs a collaborative filtering (CF) based Web APIs recommendation algorithm. This algorithm, exploits the implicit co-invocation relationship between Web APIs inferred from the historical invocation history between Mashups clusters and the corresponding Web APIs, to recommend diverse Web APIs for each Mashups clusters. The method is expected to not only find much better matched Mashups with high accuracy, but also diversify the recommendation result of Web APIs with full coverage. Finally, based on a real-world dataset from ProgrammableWeb, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation to measure the performance of our method. Compared with existing methods, experimental results show that our method significantly improves the accuracy and diversity of recommendation results in terms of precision, recall, purity, entropy, DCG and HMD.

CODO: An Ontology for Collection and Analysis of Covid-19 Data

Abstract: The COviD-19 Ontology for cases and patient information (CODO) provides a model for the collection and analysis of data about the COVID-19 pandemic. The ontology provides a standards-based open-source model that facilitates the integration of data from heterogeneous data sources. The ontology was designed by analysing disparate COVID-19 data sources such as datasets, literature, services, etc. The ontology follows the best practices for vocabularies by re-using concepts from other leading vocabularies and by using the W3C standards RDF, OWL, SWRL, and SPARQL. The ontology already has one independent user and has incorporated real-world data from the government of India.

CODO: An Ontology for Collection and Analysis of Covid-19 Data

Abstract: The COviD-19 Ontology for cases and patient information (CODO) provides a model for the collection and analysis of data about the COVID-19 pandemic. The ontology provides a standards-based open-source model that facilitates the integration of data from heterogeneous data sources. The ontology was designed by analysing disparate COVID-19 data sources such as datasets, literature, services, etc. The ontology follows the best practices for vocabularies by re-using concepts from other leading vocabularies and by using the W3C standards RDF, OWL, SWRL, and SPARQL. The ontology already has one independent user and has incorporated real-world data from the government of India.

Predicting parking occupancy via machine learning in the web of things

Abstract: The Web of Things (WoT) enables information gathered by sensors deployed in urban environments to be easily shared utilizing open Web standards and semantic technologies, creating easier integration with other Web-based information, towards advanced knowledge. Besides WoT, an essential aspect of understanding dynamic urban systems is artificial intelligence (AI). Via AI, data produced by WoT-enabled sensory observations can be analyzed and transformed into meaningful information, which describes and predicts current and future situations in time and space. This paper examines the impact of WoT and AI in smart cities, considering a real-world problem, the one of predicting parking availability. Traffic cameras are used as WoT sensors, together with weather forecasting Web services. Machine learning (ML) is employed for AI analysis, using predictive models based on neural networks and random forests. The performance of the ML models for the prediction of parking occupancy is better than the state of the art work in the problem under study, scoring an MSE of 7.18 at a time horizon of 60 minutes.

OBA: An Ontology-Based Framework for Creating REST APIs for Knowledge Graphs

Abstract: In recent years, Semantic Web technologies have been increasingly adopted by researchers, industry and public institutions to describe and link data on the Web, create web annotations and consume large knowledge graphs like Wikidata and DBpedia. However, there is still a knowledge gap between ontology engineers, who design, populate and create knowledge graphs; and web developers, who need to understand, access and query these knowledge graphs but are not familiar with ontologies, RDF or SPARQL. In this paper we describe the Ontology-Based APIs framework (OBA), our approach to automatically create REST APIs from ontologies while following RESTful API best practices. Given an ontology (or ontology network) OBA uses standard technologies familiar to web developers (OpenAPI Specification, JSON) and combines them with W3C standards (OWL, JSON-LD frames and SPARQL) to create maintainable APIs with documentation, units tests, automated validation of resources and clients (in Python, Javascript, etc.) for non Semantic Web experts to access the contents of a target knowledge graph. We showcase OBA with three examples that illustrate the capabilities of the framework for different ontologies.

The Dundee Resource for Sequence Analysis and Structure Prediction.

Abstract: The Dundee Resource for Sequence Analysis and Structure Prediction (DRSASP; http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/drsasp.html) is a collection of web services provided by the Barton Group at the University of Dundee. DRSASP's flagship services are the JPred4 webserver for secondary structure and solvent accessibility prediction and the JABAWS 2.2 webserver for multiple sequence alignment, disorder prediction, amino acid conservation calculations, and specificity-determining site prediction. DRSASP resources are available through conventional web interfaces and APIs but are also integrated into the Jalview sequence analysis workbench, which enables the composition of multitool interactive workflows. Other existing Barton Group tools are being brought under the banner of DRSASP, including NoD (Nucleolar localization sequence detector) and 14-3-3-Pred. New resources are being developed that enable the analysis of population genetic data in evolutionary and 3D structural contexts. Existing resources are actively developed to exploit new technologies and maintain parity with evolving web standards. DRSASP provides substantial computational resources for public use, and since 2016 DRSASP services have completed over 1.5 million jobs.

Automatic generation of Web of Things servients using Thing Descriptions

Abstract: Similarly to the standardization effort initiated for the World Wide Web in the 1990s, the World Wide Web Consortium is currently working on the Web of Things (WoT) specification. This initiative aims to tackle current fragmentation in the so-called Internet of Things by using existing Web standards. The ultimate goal is to cope with the increasing number of devices that are being connected to the Internet and to enable interoperability among them. On the other hand, Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) approaches make use of models to raise the abstraction level with the objective of accelerating the software development process, enabling design and code reuse, and increasing software quality.This work proposes to apply MDE techniques to enable the efficient development of WoT servients. Based on the WoT Thing Description specification, this work proposes both a textual-based concrete syntax and a model-based abstract syntax—both fully compliant with the WoT specification—that enable the generation of WoT servients in C++ with CoAP communication capabilities. This proposal is implemented by a tool that covers the whole development process, which is publicly available under an open source license.

SaIL: saliency-driven injection of ARIA landmarks

Abstract: Navigating webpages with screen readers is a challenge even with recent improvements in screen reader technologies and the increased adoption of web standards for accessibility, namely ARIA. ARIA landmarks, an important aspect of ARIA, lets screen reader users access different sections of the webpage quickly, by enabling them to skip over blocks of irrelevant or redundant content. However, these landmarks are sporadically and inconsistently used by web developers, and in many cases, even absent in numerous web pages. Therefore, we propose SaIL, a scalable approach that automatically detects the important sections of a web page, and then injects ARIA landmarks into the corresponding HTML markup to facilitate quick access to these sections. The central concept underlying SaIL is visual saliency, which is determined using a state-of-the-art deep learning model that was trained on gaze-tracking data collected from sighted users in the context of web browsing. We present the findings of a pilot study that demonstrated the potential of SaIL in reducing both the time and effort spent in navigating webpages with screen readers.

A Stack4Things-based Web of Things Architecture

Abstract: With the great impact of the advancement in the hardware field, major efforts have been made to create large-scale networks of IoT devices (e.g., embedded systems, sensors, and actuators) that can interact with each other as well as their surrounding environments. However, most of the deployments are based on proprietary and tightly-coupled systems. To overwhelm the application layer interoperability issues, the Web of Things (WoT) paradigm aims at making smart things an integral part of the Web and thus, enabling them to communicate through Web standards/protocols. Therefore, applications/services making use of smart things become easier to conceive by means of Web standards/protocols (e.g., HTTP, Websockets). This paper proposes an approach enabling the smart devices to join the Web using features provided by the Stack4Things (S4T) OpenStack-based middleware. Thereby, user agents, typically, Web browsers and/or smart devices can make use of the resources of (other) IoT devices using globally resolvable Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) regardless of their underlying used protocol stacks.

A Study on the Use of Checksums for Integrity Verification of Web Downloads

Abstract: App stores provide access to millions of different programs that users can download on their computers. Developers can also make their programs available for download on their websites and host the program files either directly on their website or on third-party platforms, such as mirrors. In the latter case, as users download the software without any vetting from the developers, they should take the necessary precautions to ensure that it is authentic. One way to accomplish this is to check that the published file’s integrity verification code—the checksum—matches that (if provided) of the downloaded file. To date, however, there is little evidence to suggest that such a process is effective. Even worse, very few usability studies about it exist. In this article, we provide the first comprehensive study that assesses the usability and effectiveness of the manual checksum verification process. First, by means of an in-situ experiment with 40 participants and eye-tracking technology, we show that the process is cumbersome and error-prone. Second, after a 4-month-long in-the-wild experiment with 134 participants, we demonstrate how our proposed solution—a Chrome extension that verifies checksums automatically—significantly reduces human errors, improves coverage, and has only limited impact on usability. It also confirms that, sadly, only a tiny minority of websites that link to executable files in our sample provide checksums (0.01%), which is a strong call to action for web standards bodies, service providers, and content creators to increase the use of file integrity verification on their properties.

Recovering the web’s unclaimed legacy of academic text standards: SGML, HTML, and the misremediation of quotation

Abstract: This study examines the trajectory of inline and block quotation over the period in which HTML has undergone standardisation, from the introduction of the blockquote element to the HTML 1.0 specifi...

Activating Templar Heritage: Tourism, Narrative Strategies and Information Technologies

Abstract: While fairly established in several western countries, military tourism is still in a grey area in Portugal. In order to bolster the notion that this concept can be a major contributor to tourism activation, an Information System is being developed with the Templar Order as basis. This project is a direct result of the work of the Polytechnic Institute of Tomar (Portugal), the Templars Route European Federation and Tomar’s local government. It uses the Rapid Application Development methodology and resorts mostly to a client-server web application, using web standards such as HTML, CSS and JS, and it’s operated by the PHP program language and SGBD Mysql for data persistence. The IS fills a void as far as military tourism heritage platforms are concerned. It’s user friendly design and architecture make for a pleasant research experience while the inclusion of more updated and historical narratives along with storytelling strategies increase its appeal among a non-academic audience. The recent COVID-19 outbreak brought about the need to adapt the original model to an ever-increasing virtual culture trend.

Shedding light on web privacy impact assessment: A case study of the Ambient Light Sensor API

Abstract: As modern web browsers gain new and increasingly powerful features the importance of impact assessments of the new functionality becomes crucial.A web privacy impact assessment of a planned web browser feature, the Ambient Light Sensor API, indicated risks arising from the exposure of overly precise information about the lighting conditions in the user environment. The analysis led to the demonstration of direct risks of leaks of user data, such as the list of visited websites or exfiltration of sensitive content across distinct browser contexts.Our work contributed to the creation of web standards leading to decisions by browser vendors (i.e. obsolescence, non-implementation or modification to the operation of browser features). We highlight the need to consider broad risks when making reviews of new features. We offer practically-driven high-level observations lying on the intersection of web security and privacy risk engineering and modeling, and standardization. We structure our work as a case study from activities spanning over three years.

Pline: automatic generation of modern web interfaces for command-line programs

Abstract: Motivation: Bioinformatics software often lacks graphical user interfaces (GUIs), which can limit its adoption by non-technical members of the scientific community. Web interfaces are a common alternative for building cross-platform GUIs, but their potential is underutilized: web interfaces for command-line tools rarely take advantage of the level of interactivity expected of modern web applications and are rarely usable offline. Results: Here we present Pline: a lightweight framework that uses program descriptions and web standards to generate dynamic GUIs for command-line programs. With Pline, cross-platform graphical interfaces are easy to create and maintain, fostering user-friendly software in science. Availability and Implementation: Pline is cross-platform, open-source software. Documen-tation, example plugins and source code is freely available from this http URL

Apparatus and method for scrapping web data

Abstract: Provided are a web data scraping system and an operating method thereof. The system simulates a target site designated by a user and renders the target site in a separate frame. In the process, even sites which do not comply with web standards can be accurately simulated through proxy settings. The user can intuitively and easily select the DOM in the corresponding frame and create events which control the DOM as data collection rules. By being reflected in the scenario, a web scraping service such as automatic repetition or the like can be provided.

Case Study of ICT Architectures for a Context-Aware System in Smart Energy Domain

Abstract: Nowadays, by the integration of the internet into many computational areas, smart energy automation and the reliable controlling system can be achieved by introducing the Internet of Things (IoT). As IoT becomes an active research area, different methods, and strategies from different points of view have been explored to promote the development and popularity of IoT. One trend is viewing IoT as Web of Things (WoT) where the open Web standards are supported for information sharing and device interpretation. This WoT vision enables a new way of narrowing the barrier between the virtual and physical worlds. This paper presents the result of a European project in demonstrating different ICT architectures for context information management. It uses some key enabling technologies of WoT to share the data from the smart energy system and end up with a hybrid ICT architecture. The demonstrated architectures can be further powered with any intelligent algorithms and applications to provide a fully digitalized environment.

Issues in adapting web content to be displayed on devices with various screen shapes using a JavaScript built screen shape simulator

Abstract: This paper is devoted to an upcoming issue in web design: Styling web content to be displayed correctly on devices with various screen shapes This issue is a consequence of the rapid development of LED displays with a wide variety of screen shapes Many of them can be connected to a computer which means that one can display web content on them Such displays are used as indoor and outdoor advertising panels, which makes them very important for business Also, various smart devices are developing rapidly and they are often web browsing enabled They come with various screen shapes, which is an imperative of modern design Hence the need to style web pages in such a way that their content is displayed correctly on all those devices By now, responsive web design has a solution only for styling web pages to be displayed on rectangular screens with various dimensions by using media queries and flexible grids The W3C organization is currently working on media queries for round shaped displays, but all new suggested CSS rules are still in the working draft It is obviously that the development of LED displays is running faster than the development of web standards For this reasons, a responsive web design testing tool with a various screen shape simulator is built in JavaScript and is available on GitHub Its main features are described herein An example of styling a web site for various screen shapes using that testing tool is given in this paper in order to highlight the problems that arise during that process

OBA: An Ontology-Based Framework for Creating REST APIs for Knowledge Graphs.

Abstract: In recent years, Semantic Web technologies have been increasingly adopted by researchers, industry and public institutions to describe and link data on the Web, create web annotations and consume large knowledge graphs like Wikidata and DBPedia. However, there is still a knowledge gap between ontology engineers, who design, populate and create knowledge graphs; and web developers, who need to understand, access and query these knowledge graphs but are not familiar with ontologies, RDF or SPARQL. In this paper we describe the Ontology-Based APIs framework (OBA), our approach to automatically create REST APIs from ontologies while following RESTful API best practices. Given an ontology (or ontology network) OBA uses standard technologies familiar to web developers (OpenAPI Specification, JSON) and combines them with W3C standards (OWL, JSON-LD frames and SPARQL) to create maintainable APIs with documentation, units tests, automated validation of resources and clients (in Python, Javascript, etc.) for non Semantic Web experts to access the contents of a target knowledge graph. We showcase OBA with three examples that illustrate the capabilities of the framework for different ontologies.

UI System and method for dynamically generating web UI component according to server preference

Abstract: Disclosed are a system and a method for dynamically generating a web UI component, which is not defined by W3C standards such as HTML, according to a configuration value set in a server. According to an aspect of the present invention, a web UI component generation system for dynamically generating a web UI component according to server settings comprises: a web document request module for transmitting a request for a target web document to a predetermined server, wherein the target web document is parsed into W3C standard document object model (DOM) elements and non-standard document object model elements; a web document receiving module for receiving the target web document from the server; a browser default rendering engine which renders the standard document object model elements of the target web document; a setting information module for transmitting a request for setting information on the non-standard document object model element of the target document to the server and receiving the setting information from the server; and a dynamic web UI component generation module which dynamically renders the non-standard document object model element of the target web document according to the setting information to generate a web UI component corresponding to the non-standard document object model element and the setting information.