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Welding
About: Welding is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 206514 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1178437 citations.
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TL;DR: Friction stir welding (FSW) was used to weld 7075 T651 aluminum, an alloy considered essentially unweldable by fusion processes as discussed by the authors, which exposed the alloy to a short time, high-temperature spike, while introducing extensive localized deformation.
Abstract: Friction stir welding (FSW), a new welding technique invented at TWI, was used to weld 7075 T651 aluminum, an alloy considered essentially unweldable by fusion processes. This weld process exposed the alloy to a short time, high-temperature spike, while introducing extensive localized deformation. Studies were performed on these solid-state welds to determine mechanical properties both in the longitudinal direction, i.e., within the weld nugget, and, more conventionally, transverse to the weld direction. Because of the unique weld procedure, a fully recrystallized fine grain weld nugget was developed. In addition, proximate to the nugget, both a thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) were created. During welding, temperatures remained below the melting point and, as such, no cast or resolidification microstructure was developed. However, within the weld nugget, a banded microstructure that influences room-temperature fracture behavior was created. In the as-welded condition, weld nugget strength decreased, while ductility remained high. A low-temperature aging treatment failed to fully restore T651 strength and significantly reduced tensile ductility. Samples tested transverse to the weld direction failed in the HAZ, where coarsened precipitates caused localized softening. Subsequent low-temperature aging further reduced average strain to failure without affecting strength. Although reductions in strength and ductility were observed, in comparison to other weld processes, FSW offers considerable potential for welding 7075 T651 aluminum.
864 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the basic machining processes and their application in the manufacturing of non-metallic materials, such as Plastics, Composites, Ceramics, Elastomers.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW. MATERIALS. Properties of Materials. Nature of Metals and Alloys. Equilibrium Diagrams. Heat Treatment. Processes and Properties of Ferrous Metals and Alloys. Processes and Properties of Nonferrous Metals and Alloys. Nonmetallic Materials: Plastics, Composites, Ceramics, Elastomers. Material Selection. PROCESS QUALITY CONTROL. Measurement and Inspection. NDT and Inspection. Process Capability and Quality Control. CASTING AND FORMING. Fundamentals of Casting. Expendable Mold Casting Processes. Permanent Mold Casting Processes. Powder Metallurgy. Fundamentals of Metal Forming. Hot Working. Cold Working. Nonmetal Fabrication Processes. MACHINING PROCESSES. Fundamentals of Machining Processes. Cutting Tools for Machining. Turning, Boring, and Related Processes. Drilling and Related Processes. Milling Processes. Other Machine Processes: Broaching, Sawing, Filing, Shaping, Planing. Abrasive Machining Processes. Workholding Devices. Machining Centers - NC - CNC. Thread Manufacturing Processes. Gears Manufacturing Processes. Nontraditional Machining Processes. ASSEMBLY, JOINING AND FINISHING PROCESSES. Gas Flame Processes. Arc Processes. Resistance Processes. Other Welding Processes. Brazing and Soldering. Adhesive Bonding and Mechanical Fastening. Surface Treatment and Finishing. Design/Manufacturing in Welding and Joining. MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS. Manufacturing Systems and Automation. Production Systems. Integrated Pad Manufacturing.
858 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructural changes effected by friction stir welding of 7075 Al. were evaluated and the authors concluded that friction-stir welding has the potential to avoid significant changes in microstructure and mechanical properties.
819 citations
Book•
05 Oct 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the history of Ni-base Alloy Classification and its application in Solid-Solution-Strengthened Alloy Alloys and Welding Metallurgy.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Ni-base Alloy Classification. 1.2 History of Nickel and Ni-base Alloys. 1.3 Corrosion Resistance. 1.4 Nickel Alloy Production. 2. Alloying Additions, Phase Diagrams, and Phase Stability. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 General Influence of Alloying Additions. 2.3 Phase Diagrams for Solid-Solution Alloys. 2.4 Phase Diagrams for Precipitation Hardened Alloys--gamma' Formers. 2.5 Phase Diagrams for Precipitation-Hardened Alloys--gamma" Formers. 2.6 Calculated Phase Stability Diagrams. 2.7 PHACOMP Phase Stability Calculations. 3. Solid-Solution Strengthened Ni-base Alloys. 3.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables. 3.2 Physical Metallurgy and Mechanical Properties. 3.3 Welding Metallurgy. 3.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments. 3.5 Weldability. 3.6 Corrosion Resistance. 3.7 Case Studies. 4. Precipitation Strengthened Ni-base Alloys. 4.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables. 4.2 Physical Metallurgy and Mechanical Properties. 4.3 Welding Metallurgy. 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments. 4.5 Weldability. 5. Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys and Nickel Aluminides. 5.1 Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys. 5.2 Nickel Aluminide Alloys. 6. Repair Welding of Ni-base Alloys. 6.1 Solid-Solution Strengthened Alloys. 6.2 Precipitation Strengthened Alloys. 6.3 Single Crystal Superalloys. 7. Dissimilar Welding. 7.1 Application of Dissimilar Welds. 7.2 Influence of Process Parameters on Fusion Zone Composition. 7.3 Carbon, Low Alloys and Stainless Steels. 7.4 Postweld Heat Treatment Cracking in Stainless Steels Welded with Ni-base Filler Metals. 7.5 Super Austenitic Stainless Steels. 7.6 Dissimilar Welds in Ni-base Alloys - Effect on Corrosion Resistance. 7.7 9%Ni Steels. 7.8 Super Duplex Stainless Steels. 7.9 Case Studies. 8. Weldability Testing. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Varestraint Test. 8.3 Modified Cast Pin Tear Test. 8.4 The Sigmajig Test. 8.5 The Hot Ductility Test. 8.6 The Strain-to-Fracture Test. 8.7 Other Weldability Tests. Appendix A Composition of Wrought and Cast Nickel-Base Alloys. Appendix B Composition of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Consumables. Appendix C Corrosion Acceptance Testing Methods. Appendix D Etching Techniques for Ni-base Alloys and Welds. Author Index. Subject Index.
778 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the first results using friction stir processing (FSP) for aluminum alloys and showed that FSP of a commercial 7075 Al alloy resulted in significant enhancement of superplastic properties.
732 citations