Showing papers on "Westernization published in 1966"
5 citations
TL;DR: Almost all observers of Sinhalese society characterize its members by such adjectives as happy-carefree, but theoretical analysis and some prior empirical evidence points towards an insecurity-anxiety pattern.
Abstract: THE Sinhalese are the majority ethnic group of Ceylon, constituting about 70 per cent of the total population. They are derived from India, both culturally and racially, and are Buddhists who speak an Aryan language developed from those of North India. (12) Almost all observers of Sinhalese society characterize its members by such adjectives as &dquo;happy&dquo; or &dquo;carefree&dquo;, (1) &dquo;lazy&dquo; or &dquo;easy going&dquo; (2) and &dquo;hospitable&dquo;. (3) On the other hand, theoretical analysis~4~ and some prior empirical evidence(5) points towards an insecurity-anxiety pattern. Such a pattern is not readily apparent from informal observation and appears to be inconsistent with the &dquo;happy-carefree&dquo; characterization.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that English classical economics did not find receptive soil in Germany, but also lost its vital role as an analytical tool with which to examine civil society and became the ideology of landowners and merchants who used it to defend their class interest.
Abstract: The state of economic growth and the intellectual climate determine the nature and scope of economic studies. For example, it is a well known fact that English classical economics not only did not find receptive soil in Germany, but also lost its vital role as an analytical tool with which to examine civil society. It became the ideology of landowners and merchants who used it to defend their class interest, e. g., laissez faire ; it was no longer the foundation upon which bourgeois society was to be built. Instead, conditions in Germany made possible the appearance of Friedrich List £1789-1846) who was a self-appointed critic of the English school and attempted to carry out the modernization of the economic foundations of Germany. The development of economic studies in Russia was also characterized by economic and social conditions in that country which made a vast contrast with those of nations in the West. Capitalism was relatively slow in coming in Russia, and introduction of Western technology was not always followed by reforms, political and social. Even the so-called "Westernization" of Peter the Great (TIeTp BejiHKHH, reigned 1682-1725) was far from satisfactory according to Western standards, but the forces of reaction were strong at the root of social life and peasants were more tightly controlled than before the reform. English economics could not have expected to find congenial soil in Russia. During Peter's reign there appeared an interesting work by I. T. Pososhkov (VI. T. flocoiiiKOB, 1652-1726), a prominent merchant and one of the so-called 1 'projectors' ' to the Czar. Since it was not likely that the author had access to Western economic literature, it may be the case that his Book on Poverty and Plenty (KHHra o cKy^ocra h ooraTCTBe, 1724) was solely the product of his own experience and observation. Different evaluations of the book, some favourable and some not, have been made. This work is usually considered as the representative work of Russian
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of the transmission of national values and ideologies in the context of culture contact and acculturation in terms of "challenge and response" between civilizations in general and between the Western and non-western civilizations in particular, with a view to making clear the nature and consequences of "Westernization" and alsa some remarkable reactions and responses as seen both in the pre-independence and in the post-independence development of nationalism in South and Southeast Asia.
Abstract: My focal problem centers around the problem of the transmission of national values and ideologies in the context of culture contact and acculturation in terms of "challenge and response" between civilizations in general and between the Western and non-Western civilizations in particular, with a view to making clear the nature and consequences of "Westernization" and alsa some remarkable reactions and responses as seen both in the pre-independence and in the post-independence development of nationalism in South and Southeast Asia. In my first attempt to build a frame of reference within which the issues of the problem are to be adequately dealt, I have examined some representative theories of civilization which are, in my view, relevant to the study of cultural contact and transmission, such as Oswald Spengler, Alfred Weber. Arnold Toynbee and Nikolai Danilewsky. In my second attempt to confirm the concept of "Westernization", in distinction with that of "Modernization" in a broad sense, as a specific aspect of culture contact and acculturation between the modern West and the non-West since the sixteenth century, I focused attention on the historical fact that "Westernization" was a form of transmission of values and ideologies under persistent colonial pressure or colonization. In this connection, I most emphatically stressed that it is of great importance for the forms of cultural transmission and reception to draw a clear distinction as to whether the concerned society accepting western cultural values is autonomous under colonial pressure or dependent under colonial rule. In this context, I tried to show what were the consequences of "Westernization" associated with colonization in the aspect of political acculturation and how did the Asian nationalism respond to them in its historical development.