Westernization

About: Westernization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1154 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15791 citations. The topic is also known as: occidentalization.

Constructing transnational Islam: the East–West network of Shakib Arslan

Abstract: The interwar period saw the division of the greater part of the world into a colonized East and a colonizing West, and within the East into partly overlapping Arab and Islamic worlds. The East, the West, the Arab world, the Islamic world, each had its human networks. At the same time, the very concepts of an Arab world and of an Islamic world competed with local nationalisms, with Westernization, and with each other. As a literary figure belonging to the cultural milieus of Beirut, Cairo, and Damascus, and as the Arab amir al bayan, “the prince of eloquence,” Shakib Arslan was strongly connected to the Arab world. As a former student of Muhammad 2Abduh, a close friend of Rashid Rida, and an important contributor to the journal al-Manar, he was a spokesman for the Islamic revival. As a resident of Switzerland, the publisher of the journal La Nation Arabe, and a perpetual anticolonial activist, he was a regular figure at anticolonial congresses and in Paris, Berlin, and Rome.

Institutionalization and Professionalization of the Social Sciences in Hungary Since 1945

Abstract: The study sketches the socio-historical conditions of the emergence of a strata of critical intellectuals in the late nineteenth century, as well as their institutional support agencies, giving rise to the first major ‘workshop’ of the social sciences (1900). A dismantling after the revolutionary break of 1918–1919 follows, with the emigration of a whole generation of scholars, producing the intellectual stalemate of the interwar years. The catastrophe of WWII including Nazification leads up to the transition years followed by hard core Stalinism, outlawing Western type social studies and replacing them by mandatory Marxism. A new start is observable only after 1963. All formerly restricted social sciences achieve a degree of professional standing before 1989, when the regime transition opens the door to full-scale Westernization (124).

Spiritual Revolution in the East

Abstract: Foreword by Dr. William Paton Author's Preface (to the German Edition) The Aim of the Book The Material My Assistants The Spiritually Historic hour in the East The Spiritually Historic Hour The Eastern Man's Problem of Existence Peculiar Position of Native Christianity People, Civilization and Christianity of New Guinea The Two National Crises First Impressions The First Crisis A Characteristic Statement Old National Abuses The Message and the Tribes' Decision The New Order Finding the way to the People Intervention of the Mandated Government Language Policy and Recruitment of Labour Consequences of Recruitment The New Legal Position The Struggle to Uphold Nationality Native Christianity Connection with Tradition Fundamental Conceptions of Shame, Recompense, Power New Formation of Life The New Hymn Symbolic Representations The New Attitude The Change in Fundamental Conceptions The Ultimate Problem Christianity and the Transformation of Civilization in Netherlands East Indies The Four Streams of Foreign Influence Hinduism Islam The Portuguese Modern Colonial Policy The Start Missions The Effects of the Past, Disintegration and Transmutation Continuation of old Malay Culture Bali Animism and Islam The Three Strata of Javanese Tradition Dutch Administration Mixture of Races and Social Classes Education Literature Intellectual and Political Currents Political Parties Characteristics of National Movement The Christianity of Indonesia Batak Christianity Three Alien Realities Tendencies towards Europeanization The old Types Customs still preserved Features on Animism The New Consciousness of Nationhood Confession Morality and Understanding Nias Christianity The Great Repentance and its Results Two Strata of Christianity The Christianity of Java Missions and the Higher Religion Renunciation and Survival of Old Customs Javanese and Christian Characteristics. The Chinese in Dutch East India Immigrants and those born in the country National self-consciousness Preservation of nationality and its dangers The Christian Congregations The Rebirth of Chine and Chinese Christianity China as a unit Contrasts Spiritual Inheritance Collapse and Revolt China's Collapse and Revolt The Political Revolution The Automobile, the army and education From the Destruction of the Temples of the New Movement Chinese Christianity Three Unfortunate Features The position today In the current of Westernisation Old values Pagan comprehension of the Gospels Problems in the Formation of the Native Church Confession and Obedience Christianity in the disintegration of India The Primal Forest of Religions Multiformity of Religious Life Lack of Decision Significance of the Caste System Islam Political, Social and Spiritual Disintegration The Political Line The Social Line The intellectual-religious line Indian Christianity Where is India Heading? Peculiarities of Indian Missions Origins and position of Christianity Europe traits Caste and Christians Beginning of Individual Construction Genuine Appropriation of the Message Civilization, Nations in the Making and the question of religion The Effect of Western Things Money and Time Political Intervention Economic Position The Isolating of the Eastern Man Loss of Unity of Life Position of the Higher Religions The Unsolved Problem of Truth The New Unities Characteristics of National Movements Traditional Religion The New Religion of the East Will Religion realise its purpose? The problems of truth and fellowship the necessary Decision in Belief Immature Christianity on the Meeting between East and West The New Faith The Decision The Answer to the Proclamation Baptism The Control of the Operative Word Importance of the whole bible First Recapitulation The Emergence of Native Churches: The Three formative factors Is the Church necessary? Western Missions Individual style The Western Restrictions of the message and their consequences in the construction of the church The message in Native Environment Three Momentous facts Missions in the Western Current Missionaries are white men The ties of origin and extraction the confessional stamp The Natives imitation of the West Consequences for the Christian Status The Heathen Restriction of Nationality and its Effect on Christianity Relics of the past Old forms of thought The congregation as a natural community the consequences The inner reasons for persistence of tradition The spirit breaks through The congregation as the place where the spirit breaks through the congregation as a New Order New marriage The bride-price Inner transformation in the marriage old and young the new understanding the most profound change conditions of genuine leadership the real objective genuine obedience pardoning power of the word second recapitulation The church among people Unrest and attempts at reformation The waiting church The obedience of faith.

Old patterns, new meaning: the 1845 hospital of Bezm-i Alem in Istanbul.

Abstract: This paper discusses the history of an 1845 Ottoman hospital founded by Bezm-i Alem, mother of the reigning sultan Abdulmecit I (reigned 1839-1856), embedded in the medical and political contexts of the Middle East in the nineteenth century. The main focus of this paper is the Ottoman discourse of modernization, which identified progress with modernization and westernization and included a belief in the positive character of progress, with a high degree of optimism regarding the success of the process. The Bezm-i Alem hospital illustrates the medical reality of the 19th century, reconstructed through Ottoman eyes rather than from the perspective of foreigners with their own agenda and biases. In many respects it continued previous medical traditions; other aspects reveal brand new developments in Ottoman medicine and hospital management. Ottoman medical reality was one of coexistence and rivalry: traditional conceptions of medicine and health were believed and practiced side-byside with new western-like concepts and techniques.

Fin-de-Siècle Sarajevo: The Habsburg Transformation of an Ottoman Town

Abstract: Sarajevo entered the twentieth century larger, more developed, and more European than it had been when Austro-Hungarian troops took control of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1878. The cityscape acquired a Western-oriented face superimposed on its previous profile as a classical Ottoman town. Underlying this physical transformation were major changes in demography, political organization, cultural life, and social practices in the city. Taken together these changes may be characterized broadly as “modernization” or “Westernization,” but they reached Sarajevo mediated through the filters of Habsburg and Viennese experience and often mixed unpredictably with local culture and traditions. By 1900 Sarajevo was in two overlapping cultural orbits: a largely traditional world centered in Istanbul and increasingly dominant influences emanating from Vienna.