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Westernization

About: Westernization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1154 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15791 citations. The topic is also known as: occidentalization.


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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the role of the media in attracting Western private donations in Asian tsunami recovery plans and conclude that emotional transposition of the disasters by the media played an important role in stimulating private donations and in spurring governmental relief in both the disasters.
Abstract: The international recovery system responds differently to disasters with similar characteristics. It answers to specific motivations that are not necessarily connected to the nature of the disaster. The variability of the answers given not only depends on the type of disaster but also, in particular, on the local social structure and on the transcalar narrative of the disaster used to move communities not directly affected to action. This paper therefore analyses the level of Western involvement in two Asian tsunami recovery plans and the role of the media in attracting Western private donations. To this end, Italian involvement in the two cases is discussed. Beginning with a literature review to support the argument that the media are crucial in stimulating private participation through ‘spectacularizing’ the disaster, this paper illustrates that, when spectacularization is insufficient, the media additionally adopts the strategy of ‘transposition’, leading to ‘appropriation’ of the event. In particular, during the Boxing Day tsunami of 2004, the transposition became the ‘Westernization’ of the narrative of the disaster. The process of transposition or Westernization, however, did not happen with the same modalities in the narrative of the Tohoku tsunami of 2011. In this case, the focus was more on the technological disaster that followed the natural disaster. The author concludes that emotional transposition of the disasters by the media played an important role in stimulating private donations and in spurring governmental relief in both the disasters. Foreign governments, however, are mainly moved by other factors such as ‘flag policy’ or what Olsen et al. (2004) identified as the concept of ‘donor interests’.

3 citations

01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: This paper analyzed the cultural and ideological polarization in Turkey through investigating the contents of crosswords in five daily newspapers which are, respectively, Cumhuriyet, Hurriyet, Milliyet and Yeni Akit and Zaman.
Abstract: Turkey is a polarized society consisting of modern people and conservatives. Cultural differences in this polarized society are actually a consequence of a long historical process. The dichotomy of culture and ideology in Turkish society has two significant breaking points. The first is the transition process of Turkish society to Islam between the 8th century and the 14th century whereas the second is related to the concept of Westernization, the influences of which are still observable although it started in the 17th century. These two occasions not only changed the lifestyle of Turkish society but also influenced the use of Turkish language. In terms of word capacity, Turkish language therefore contains both Oriental/Islamic ideology and Western/Modern ideology within itself, and this impact is considerably recognizable from spoken language to written language and from scientific language to media language. Media entertainment contents also reveal this interaction. The objective of this study is to analyze the cultural and ideological polarization in Turkey through investigating the contents of crosswords in five daily newspapers which are, respectively, Cumhuriyet, Hurriyet, Milliyet, Yeni Akit and Zaman. Media usually has an ideological content; however the fact that ideological and cultural polarization can also be explored at linguistic levels through crosswords has not been studied before. In this respect, firstly clarifying the concept of ideology in order to theoretically reveal how ideology is reinforced through language, this study basically focuses on the historical process of the cultural and ideological polarization and its reflections on Turkish language. The study, linguistically analyzing the crosswords, has also discussed the relationship among entertainment, ideology and media. Data in the study was collected through content analysis method and was interpreted by means of critical discourse theory. In this respect, this study has actually multi-methodological method. Ten crosswords from each newspaper have etymologically been analyzed, and it has been found out that there are similarities between the words in the crosswords and the publication policies of the newspapers.

3 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors offer a non-technical interpretation of the "great divergence" and "great convergence" stories, and propose a different interpretation for the Malthusian trap.
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to offer a non-technical interpretation of the “Great Divergence” and “Great Convergence” stories. After reviewing existing explanations in the literature, I offer a different interpretation. Western countries exited the Malthusian trap by destroying traditional institutions, which was associated with an increase in income inequality and even a decrease in life expectancy, but allowed the redistribution of income in favor of savings and investment at the expense of consumption. When the same pattern was imposed on some developing countries (colonialism ?Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Latin America (LA), and the Former Soviet Union (FSU)), it resulted in the destruction of traditional institutions, increase in income inequality, and worsening of starting positions for catch-up development. Other developing countries (East Asia (EA), South Asia (SA), and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA countries)) that were less affected by colonialism and managed to retain traditional institutions by the end of the twentieth century found themselves in a better starting position for modern economic growth. The slow-going technical progress finally allowed them to find another exit from the Malthusian trap—increased income that permitted the share of investment in GDP to rise without a major increase in income inequality or decrease in life expectancy. The roots of the impressive long-term performance of China lie in the exceptional continuity of the Chinese civilization—the oldest in the world—that managed to preserve its uniqueness and traditions without major interruptions. It is argued that institutional continuity (East Asia, India, and MENA) is more conducive to growth than attempts to replace existing institutions by allegedly more advanced institutions imported from abroad (Latin America, FSU, and SSA). Like Russia in 1917, China re-established collectivist institutions in 1949 as a response to the failure of Westernization. Unlike Russia after 1991, China in 1979-2009 managed to preserve “Asian values” institutions—priority of community interests over the interests of the individual. However, the rapid increase in income inequality since 1985 could be a sign of weakening of collectivist institutions, which is the single most important threat to the continuation of fast economic growth.

3 citations

01 Jul 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine indigenous idolatry in the Americas as a phenomenon of cultural resistance and outline a classification, distinguishing the adjusted idolatries from the insurgent ones.
Abstract: The article examines indigenous idolatry in the Americas as a phenomenon of cultural resistance and outlines a classification, distinguishing the adjusted idolatries from the insurgent ones. The latter are discussed with relation to the millenarism movements of the American Indian peoples. To archieve this there are reflections on the Westernization process which can be seen in the defence of traditions practised by diverse movements in Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay and other countries between the 16 th and 18 th centuries.

3 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202366
2022165
202124
202035
201935
201838