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Westernization

About: Westernization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1154 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15791 citations. The topic is also known as: occidentalization.


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Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the traits of Americanization in modern Korean fashion through sociocultural evidences and reference pictures were found. But, the traits were not explained in one single theory, but only can be explained as a hybrid of two cultures.
Abstract: In the process of modernization from the traditional Korean Han-bok to today's modernized fashion. The Republic of Korea received the most influences form the United States among other western countries. The U. S. A. was the primary country who helped to release S. Korea from Japanese colonization in 1945, and provided the most economic and military aids after the Korean War in 1950. The purpose of this case study is to find out the traits of Americanization in modern Korean fashion through sociocultural evidences and reference pictures. The Americanization can be defined as the U. S. A. influencing cultures of other countries, and sometimes resulted in the substitution of a given culture with American culture. Americanization generally is a part of westernization. The analogous terms for Americanization, are Coca-colonization, McDonaldization, Starbuckslization, and Hollywoodization. The theories related to Americanization are theory of economic determination, global system theory, conspiracy theory, modernization theory, and theory of dependence. However, Americanization of Korea cannot be explained in one single theory, but only can be explained as a hybrid of two cultures. There also is a critical viewpoint of de-Americanization. Americanization of Korea were studied in three important chronicles, a period of modernization (1945-1950s), a period of industrialization & popularization(1960s-1970s), and a period of consumerization(1980s-present). The traits of Americanization in the process of modernizing Korean fashion, were found as simplicity, functionality, popularity(kitsch & mimicry), anti-traditional ethics(unchastity & skin revealing), and materialism(lavishness & trends).

2 citations

14 Apr 2013
TL;DR: Kane et al. as mentioned in this paper argue that Allen's social connections facilitated America's missionary and expansionistic endeavors in Korea and Hawaii at the turn of the 20th century, and emphasize how socio-historical contexts, expansionism, and various missionary activities allowed Allen to fill structural holes and employ social capital for personal and national advancements.
Abstract: To date, only two scholars (historians) have attempted to research thoroughly the Horace N. Allen Manuscripts (MSS) regarding the first American resident missionary in Korea. This paper makes an important contribution because, to my knowledge, no study has perused the entire Allen MSS and woven a single theme that connects Allen’s actions in both Korea and Hawaii. Research on the development of Protestantism in Korea can be generally separated via religious and non-religious factors. In this paper, I emphasize how socio-historic contexts, expansionism, and various missionary activities allowed Allen to fill structural holes and employ social capital for personal and national advancements. I argue that Allen’s social connections facilitated America’s missionary and expansionistic endeavors in Korea and Hawaii at the turn of the 20th century. There is no shortage of scholarship regarding Horace N. Allen (1858-1923) and the burgeoning of Protestantism in Korea at the turn of the twentieth century. Some missionaries (e.g., Appenzeller, 1905; Hulbert, 1969 [1909]; Zwemer & Brown, 1908; Underwood, 1908; Brown, 1919; Clark, 1921 and 1930; Hall, 1978) who were in Korea during the same time frame as Allen over-emphasized the religious factors in explaining the growth of Protestantism. These works focused on the evangelistic nature of the missionaries’ work; Protestant growth was a spiritual enterprise. In contrast, other scholars (Namkung, 1928, p. 8; Deuchler, 1977; Hunt, Jr., 1980, p. 3; Carter et al., 1990, p. 249; Lee, 2001) have employed non-religious heuristics whereby Protestantism served as a boundary marker against China and Japan and became associated with progress and hope (Westernization). Though some socio-historic (ethno-religious) studies have entailed the development of Protestantism at the turn of the twentieth century, the research was done without investigating the Allen Papers (MSS). For example, Young-Shin Park (2000, p. 507) associated Protestant developments with modernization and reactive ethnicity whereby Protestantism served as an anti-Japanese marker. Danielle Kane and Jung Mee Park (2009, pp. 366 and 368) employed a comparative analysis regarding “the puzzle of Christian success in Korea” and found a solution via geopolitical theory. Geopolitical theory was used as a heuristic and intersected with the concept of networks to explain why Protestantism grew in Korea but not in Japan or China. Andrew Kim (2000, p. 129) claimed “the dramatic growth of Protestantism in South Korea during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s was due in part to the way certain doctrines and practices of the imported faith agreed with those of the folk tradition.” Whether one agrees with his premise that American Protestants at the turn of the 20th century had doctrines that were readily compatible with Korea’s indigenous religious beliefs may be a theological matter. Further, the contexts of reception and growth for Protestantism were not under the same conditions; there is a difference of one hundred years from 1880 to 1980. I have delimited this paper with a socio-historic analysis (primarily) on the Allen MSS. There is a huge gap in the literature regarding Horace N. Allen, who claimed that as a medical doctor he opened “the mission work in Korea” (Allen, H. N., 1883-1923, Allen to Rev. Josiah Strong D. D., August 30, 1888). No scholar questions that he was the first American Protestant resident missionary in Korea. Yet, depending on the source, he has been depicted as a medical missionary, a diplomat (proponent of American business), or both. According to the Yonsei University website (http://www.yonsei.ac.kr/eng/about/history/-chronicle/), Allen was crucial regarding “not only the birth of Yonsei University, but also the starting point of modern medical education in Korea and among the first in Asia.” Yonsei University has become one of the elite medical universities in South Korea. Allen’s tenure in Korea entailed going from China to Korea in 1884; leaving the mission field to become a court doctor and “unofficial” advisor to the Korean government and going to the U.S. with a Korean delegation in 1887; returning to Korea in 1890 as a missionary and “almost immediately” becoming the Secretary of the American Legation; becoming the U.S. Minister in 1897; and being recalled in 1905 (Allen, H. N., 1883-1923, n.d.). It appears that only two scholars (historians) have mined the Allen MSS in depth. Fred Harrington (1980) has done the best work regarding Allen and concessions in Korea. Wayne Patterson (1988; 2000; 2003) is the most significant scholar regarding Allen and Korean laborers in Hawaii. Although both Harrington and Patterson provided the only extensive treatment of the Allen MSS, they seemed to depict two different Horace Allens; one who was involved in Korea and one who was involved in Hawaii. What I show in this paper is that America’s interests in both expansionism and missions provided Allen the opportunities to be involved in Korea and Hawaii; under conditions of either expansionism or missions, Allen would not have had the same efficacy regarding concessions, the development of Christianity, and the illegal transfer of Korean laborers to Hawaii. I employ a socio-historic analysis by engaging primarily with the Allen MSS. I will argue that Allen was in a particular context of U.S. missions and expansionism, that he filled a structural hole (Allen became a nexus between various interests in the U.S., Korea, and Hawaii), and employed social capital for personal and national advancements.

2 citations

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, the state and cultural transformation in modem East Asia is discussed, focusing on the transformation from a colonial agricultural state into a socialist industrial state, and the state, industry, and farmers in Japan.
Abstract: Introduction - The state and cultural transformation in modem East Asia. Part 1 China: Cultural factors in the process of China's modernization China's development mode and her cultural tradition Different social and cultural types among Chinese national minorities Chinese family values - past and present Rural development and consequent cultural changes in China - a case-study. Part 2 Japan: The Westernization of clothes and the state in Meiji Japan The failure of modern Japan - the decline in traditional arts and culture Cultural transformation in Japan's industrialization - local adaptation to foreign silk technology The Japanese in colonial South-East Asia Perceptions of the state in post-war Japan The state, industry, and farmers - agribusiness in Japan. Part 3 The Republic of Korea: Characteristics of Korea's view of the outside world in the late Choson period (1392-1910) The state and culture in Korean development Building a strong state and development in South Korea Cultural transformation in rural and urban Korea. Part 4 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Conversion from a colonial agricultural state into a socialist industrial state The questions of nations and national sovereignty Experiences of state building in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Cultural revolution and the intellectualization of society.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the transition of Japan into the modern world, the role of those who first introduced the techniques, institutions, and ideas of the West deserves special attention as discussed by the authors, these were the men who learned the secrets of a foreign civilization and adapted them to their own community to enable it to adjust its life to the intrusive Western society.
Abstract: In the transition of Japan into the modern world, the role of those who first introduced the techniques, institutions, and ideas of the West deserves special attention. Performing the service of what Toynbee has called “the human counterpart of the ‘transformer,’” these were the men who learned the secrets of a foreign civilization and adapted them to their own community to enable it to adjust its life to the intrusive Western society. To some degree the whole leadership of Meiji Japan carried out this function, for soon after the Restoration the pursuit and application of knowledge from the West was made official policy. For the most part the military and political leaders were concerned with the mastery of Western military techniques and administrative and economic forms. But among the intelligentsia there were those who performed the broader task of learning and teaching the manners and morals, customs, and beliefs of European society. As advocates of Westernization they were important agents of change before as well as after the Restoration.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The influence of American English on German began after World War I, and intensified under the specific political and societal conditions prevailing in Germany after 1945 as discussed by the authors, and the Americanisation of the German language represents the post-war transformation of a gradual anglicisation of German which began in the 18th century with the expansion of English industry and trade.
Abstract: Rather than originating in the post-1945 period, the Americanisation of the German language represents the post-war transformation of a gradual anglicisation of German which began in the 18th century with the expansion of English industry and trade. The influence of American English on German began after World War I, and intensified under the specific political and societal conditions prevailing in Germany after 1945. The Americanisation of the German language cannot therefore be reduced to the general phenomenon of westernisation that has affected all Eurasian countries (and national languages) since World War II. Rather, it is a development that has its roots in German–American relations of the decade between 1945 and 1955. This decade saw not only the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany, but also intensive debate among German intellectuals and the political elite about Germany's past, present and future, and about German guilt and identity. This article analyses the Americanisation of the Germa...

2 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202366
2022165
202124
202035
201935
201838